GAM3S.GG is your one-stop shop for web3 gaming, offering a comprehensive platform with games, news, reviews, quests, and analytics, along with the G3 token for governance, payments, and rewards.

 gaming space is thriving, with new projects entering it every day. While this robustness is positive, there's still the major challenge of keeping up with all that's happening in the space. Information about web3 games remains scattered, with many potential participants missing out on opportunities.

For this reason, GAM3S.GG has created an integrated web3 gaming platform where you can discover new games, access game content, get early access to new gaming projects and find reliable reviews.

Let's learn more about GAM3S.GG, the one-stop shop for all your web3 gaming needs.

 is a one-stop-shop web3 gaming platform where you can access in-game content, such as the latest immutable games, news, exclusive quests, reviews, guides and early access to gaming projects. 

A world-class team of gamers created the platform to help gaming enthusiasts keep up with what's happening in the web3 games industry by providing a central place to access quality information.

By leveraging strategic partnerships with other players in the web3 gaming space, GAM3S.GG has created a robust platform that curates everything you need to know about web3 games and projects. The platform helps you discover the best blockchain games, read game reviews and access analytics on the latest statistics and trends in web3 gaming.

 to integrate the Immutable ecosystem into its offerings so that users can enjoy Immutable zkEVM platform features, such as 

 and Immutable Passport, for a smoother gaming experience. Gamers also get to enjoy exclusive rewards and quests for games built on 

GAM3S.GG has also released the GAM3RS NFT collection, a limited edition of 333 

 that allows holders to unlock diverse perks and rewards. The collection represents four gaming archetypes: Achievers, Explorers, Socializers and Killers.

As a GAM3RS NFT holder, you’ll access various benefits and exclusive rewards. These include gaining access to the G3 token private sale, becoming part of an exclusive community, getting early access to top games, receiving exclusive skins in partner web3 games and qualifying for the G3 airdrop.

The GAM3S.GG gaming ecosystem is powered by the G3 token.

To provide a holistic gaming experience, GAM3S.GG works using the following components.

In order to use the GAM3S.GG platform, you first create an account and receive a unique user profile. The platform has an innovative algorithm that constantly looks at every user’s profile, using the information to provide you with a more personalized experience on the platform.

GAM3S.GG user profiles display the following information:

Quests are an essential component of GAM3S.GG, as they provide an opportunity for gaming enthusiasts to participate in challenges and games to accumulate XP and earn rewards. The quests involve completing missions in various games to win on-chain and off-chain rewards.

The GAM3S Quest platform has held over 100 Quests, attracting at least 320,000 participants who have completed over 3 million missions.

The core functionality of GAM3S.GG’s content and discovery product offers these key features:

G3 is the native token that fuels the GAM3S.GG ecosystem. Its utility is categorized as follows:

, separated into three phases, in which 30% of the total supply of G3 tokens will be allocated to the platform’s users. The first phase contains 15 million G3 tokens, and will be distributed exclusively to GAM3S.GG's early supporters. Part of the eligibility requirement for the first G3 Airdrop is being one of the 333 GAM3RS NFT holders.

G3 has a total supply of 1 billion tokens, which are being allocated as shown below:

You can buy G3 tokens on Bybit through its Spot trading platform. To celebrate the listing, Bybit is holding a

 through Apr 25, 2024, 9AM UTC, with 160,000 USDT up for grabs for new users and traders. In addition, there will be a Lucky Draw for rewards from a 20,000 USDT prize pool. Check out the 

GAM3S.GG centralizes various facets of web3 gaming, offering gaming enthusiasts a comprehensive platform that meets all their needs. This ease of access to all web3 gaming information also facilitates the onboarding of Web 2.0 gamers into web3. As the gaming niche expands rapidly, GAM3S.GG is well-positioned to capitalize on this growth.

Beginner

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GAM3S.GG (G3): Unveiling the Best in Web3 Gaming

Discover how to easily mint and buy Runes tokens with the Xverse Runes wallet and Magic Eden marketplace, unlocking investment opportunities on the Bitcoin blockchain.

) reward halving is a monumental occasion for both the crypto industry and users. Halving is a once-every-four-years event that always draws significant attention. However, the April 2024 event is special on an entirely new level, thanks to the highly anticipated launch of the 

 protocol, schƒeduled to go live right after the halving kicks in.

Runes is a revolutionary standard for creating fungible tokens on the Bitcoin blockchain. The standard is widely anticipated to set a new paradigm on the Bitcoin network, turning it into a thriving multi-asset ecosystem with significant trading and investment opportunities. Most importantly, Runes is vastly more efficient and user-friendly than BRC-20, an earlier Bitcoin fungible token standard.

 is a new token standard and technology for creating fungible cryptocurrencies on Bitcoin’s blockchain. (This new token standard is not to be confused with RUNE, the native token of 

). It allows users to issue and manage fungible tokens using Bitcoin's unspent transaction outputs (

), which represent the outputs of standard Bitcoin transfers. The concept of Bitcoin Runes was introduced in September 2023 by Casey Rodarmor, the enigmatic developer who also created Bitcoin 

Runes is widely expected to go live right after the Bitcoin 

 event (scheduled to occur on Apr 18, 2024, it's estimated to actually occur on April 19 or 20). The first Runes token will most likely be issued by Rodarmor himself. Following that, it's expected that a large number of Runes tokens will appear on Bitcoin, quickly leading to a thriving trade and creating investment opportunities on a scale that Bitcoin has probably never seen before.

Back in 2023, Rodarmor's Ordinals technology opened up a unique way of creating Bitcoin-based 

. Runes will now usher in an era of fungible crypto tokens on the blockchain. While it's not the first fungible token standard for Bitcoin, it's estimated to be the first technology that facilitates an efficient and user-friendly way of creating Bitcoin-based cryptos.

Runes will introduce a lightweight method for creating fungible assets on Bitcoin, thanks to its utilizing the blockchain's native UTXO model. The process of creating and transferring Runes tokens involves attaching messages, called Runestones, to a Bitcoin transaction. As such, there's no need to create any additional UTXOs or other unnecessary elements on the network. By using ordinary UTXOs generated during Bitcoin transfers, Runes avoids placing any significant load on the network.

Which Projects Are Building on the Runes Protocol?

Although the first fungible Runes tokens won't appear on the network until after the halving event, some projects have already begun experimenting with the concept by introducing Runes-themed Bitcoin NFT collections based on the Bitcoin Ordinals protocol. Typically, these projects promise 

 of their future fungible tokens to people who have purchased NFTs from their current collections.

Runestone is one of the earliest and most popular Runes-themed projects. It’s a Bitcoin NFT collection based on Ordinals, with each NFT depicting a 3D stone that has an ancient rune symbol inscribed on it.

There are 112,400 Runestone NFTs in the collection, and many of the items are listed for sale on 

, a popular multi-chain NFT marketplace. As of Apr 17, 2024, the most expensive Runestone NFT is listed for an asking price of 787 BTC. Notably, with a market cap of 9,779 BTC ($606,042,181), Runestone is currently the highest-capped Rune-themed Bitcoin NFT collection and the second highest-capped NFT collection overall, right behind the legendary Ethereum-based 

Rune Pups is another high-profile Runes-themed Bitcoin NFT collection. Each NFT in the collection is a rune-laced drawing of a broadly smiling creature, which does somewhat resemble a pup. There are 10,778 NFTs in the collection.

Pups are among the most popular Runes NFTs, with a highest asking price of 777 BTC (for item #10,733) and a market cap of 1,301 BTC (~$80 million).

 is a collection of 21,000 NFTs, each with a dynamically changing set of ancient rune symbols. Owning an NFT from the collection will automatically open up ways to mine new fungible tokens that the project plans to introduce as soon as Runes is operational. As such, this collection goes beyond simple NFT ownership, turning your non-fungible tokens into yield-generating assets.

Runes isn't the first fungible token standard for Bitcoin. This honor belongs to the 

 standard introduced in March 2023. Unfortunately, BRC-20 is a cumbersome and inefficient way of creating Bitcoin-based fungible cryptos. It relies on inscribing data into tokens using the Ordinals protocol, and generates a lot of "junk" UTXOs on the network.

Due to the novelty of the BRC-20 technology, many Bitcoin users jumped on the idea of using it to issue their tokens, seriously congesting the network and creating a significant "anti-BRC-20" sentiment within the Bitcoin community.

Runes fungible tokens are, however, vastly different from 

. The Runes technology utilizes Bitcoin's native UTXO model, doesn't generate "junk" outputs on the network and places a very modest load on the blockchain. Thanks to all of these advantages, Runes tokens are likely to lead to a much more active and robust trade in fungible assets as compared to BRC-20.

In Runes terminology, issuing a new fungible token is called “etching,” while adding tokens to the existing supply is known as minting. If you prefer to etch and mint Runes tokens on your own, the process is relatively easy for the technically minded.

 software and run your own full network node. Then, install 

 for the Ordinals and Runes protocols. The latter has been implemented under the Ordinals software packages. Ensure that you thoroughly practice etching, minting and transferring on the test network to familiarize yourself with the protocol.

You can also pre-buy Runes on Magic Eden. Probably the best wallet to use for these purposes is Xverse's 

, as it’s specifically designed for user-friendly Runes token management and easy integration with Magic Eden. This marketplace is currently the go-to platform to get early Runes tokens and Runes-themed NFTs.

You can buy any Runes-themed Bitcoin Ordinals NFT on Magic Eden in order to have Runes fungible tokens airdropped to your wallet once the protocol's operations kick in.

If you’re not able to buy your NFT in time, it’s still not too late to get your hands on one of the most promising assets in the market. You can still wait for Runes to be listed on 

The arrival of the first Runes tokens is expected to liven up Bitcoin like virtually nothing before. Ordinals were a paradigm-setting innovation, but they were focused on non-fungible assets, which have traditionally lagged behind cryptocurrencies in terms of trading and investment applications. BRC-20 tokens were the first fungible assets on the Bitcoin platform, but their inefficient, network-clogging mode of operation severely limited their adoption and use cases.

Runes are different: For the first time in the history of Bitcoin, there’s an efficient, native way of creating and managing fungible crypto assets on the Bitcoin blockchain. This heralds a plethora of unique 

 for Bitcoin enthusiasts — at the very moment when the much-anticipated halving has arrived!

Advanced

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How to Get Into Bitcoin Runes With the Runes Launch at Halving

Discover BitBrawl (BRAWL), a cross-chain compete-to-earn game on Solana with diverse modes, playable NFTs, and a fun, competitive experience.

 gaming has continued to grow with diverse projects looking to tap into this vibrant and promising space. That said, most of the games have focused on the play-to-earn (P2E) aspect of web3 gaming, which has saturated the web3 space with games that lack both enjoyable gameplay and sustainable reward systems.

 is looking to change that by creating the first cross-chain compete-to-earn (C2E) web3 game that encompasses fun, competition and rewards.

 is a cross-chain compete-to-earn (C2E) fighting game built on 

 that aims to provide fun and sustainably reward players. 

Its native token, BRAWL is used to power its compete-to-earn ecosystem.

s mission is to accommodate every player type — from games for competitive players to games for fun that you can play with friends and family. It's also focused on supporting a sustainable compete-to-earn ecosystem featuring weekly, monthly and even yearly tournaments to fairly reward players.

s storyline is based on 10,000 NFTs (brawlers) competing for glory, each one of them with unique skill sets originating from four regions: Nedunia, Ghule Islands, The Dynasty and The Underground.

The Nedunia region is a distant, secret planet consisting of one-eyed humanoids who use logic and rules to maneuver in it. In contrast, the Ghule Islands consist of ghouls who thrive on the adrenaline that comes with fighting.

The Dynasty is a city in the sky whose occupants are known for their ability to wield steel and move around in airships. Finally, The Underground is situated inside a dome on a gas-based asteroid. Its inhabitants have implanted artificial chips in order to manage the fluctuating levels of oxygen and nitrogen at different levels of the dome.

s gameplay involves player vs. player (PvP) matches known as brawls. Each player starts with three lives. Once a player loses all three, the game ends. There are also 2v2 or 3v3 matches for more fun online.

Gameplay consists of the following elements.

Non-fungible tokens (Brawlers) are a crucial component of the 

 game. Each of the NFTs has varying rarity, which will influence the amount of rewards you receive. There are four rarity classes of BitBrawl NFTs: common, epic, mythic and legendary. Each of the four regions in the game has been allocated 2,150 common NFTs, 250 epic NFTs, 100 mythic NFTs and 25 legendary NFTs.

Skins help you customize the in-game appearances of your Brawlers (NFTs). Once you 

 on OpenSea, you can connect your wallet and customize how you want to appear in the game. Skins are purely cosmetic, and do not enhance your NFTs’ power.

 has also partnered with other NFT games to allow you to play for free with their characters. Some notable names partnering with 

 include Karate Combat and G2A, in addition to UFC players such as Khamzat Chimaev and Darren Till. Better yet, 

s individual licensing method for NFTs allows you to play using NFTs such as those of 

BRAWL is the native utility token for the 

 game. It’s built on Solana, and has a total supply of 10 billion. As a functional token, BRAWL powers the game's in-game economy. BRAWL use cases include the following:

 in which you can use tickets to spin the wheel and earn points. As a BitBrawl NFT holder, you’re guaranteed daily tickets, with a chance to earn between 10 and 10,000 points.

You can also earn more tickets by partnering with the community, referring friends or participating in missions in the mission hub. Of the total BRAWL supply, 5% has been allocated to rewarding the community through airdrops.

The online gaming world is highly competitive, and 

 has designed a game in which everyone's a winner. The focus of the game is more on competing to earn, rather than simply playing to earn. As such, its competitive and rewarding design makes it fun and enticing.

 has adopted a unique licensing method that allows players to use playable characters from other games. This design makes the project scalable and flexible, so essential to the rapid growth being witnessed in the web3 gaming space. In fact, 

 could experience remarkable growth, especially when the NFT gaming narrative returns.

That said, this isn’t financial advice, and doesn’t guarantee future returns on BRAWL tokens. We highly recommend that you 

 or any other projects in the cryptocurrency market.

You can buy BRAWL on Bybit. It’s available on the Spot trading platform as a 

 provides a competitive but fun way to engage in web3 gaming. With over 10,000 Brawlers to choose from, players can explore the four regions and engage with others through the three modes in the game. 

s partnership with projects that allow the use of other NFTs in the game is also a unique approach.All in all, 

 is one Solana-based project to watch, due to its innovative gameplay and fun approach to gaming.

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BitBrawl (BRAWL): Fight for Glory in a Cross-Chain Combat Adventure

Nolus is a decentralized finance lending protocol with cross-chain capabilities. Learn more about how it works in this article.

One of the big advantages of decentralized finance (

) is that it provides more options for users. People who cannot get traditional loans because a typical bank deems them "high-risk" can turn to the DeFi sector to borrow crypto assets. The Nolus Protocol is a new DeFi lender that offers users all sorts of exciting opportunities. To see how this intriguing project works, explore this guide to learn all about Nolus.

 is a DeFi lending protocol. It has cross-chain capabilities that let people choose the most favorable rates possible and avoid the need to save up funds for liquidity.

Nolus was founded by Ivan Kostov and Kamen Trendafilov. Kostov worked in traditional finance, while Trendafilov has a background in marketing and business. During their time in these sectors, Nolus's founders realized that blockchain networks had the potential to revolutionize banking. They decided to join together and create a new leasing system that makes the most of DeFi products instead of just trying to mimic past banking methods.

Nolus started work on its plans in 2022 and officially launched its mainnet in 2023, having successfully completed several investing rounds and receiving 

 Token Metrics, Autonomy Capital, Everstake and more.

Nolus aims to tackle three problems common in crypto lending markets:

 software developer kit (SDK). Its code is entirely open sourced, and is updated and changed only when all stakeholders in the Nolus community vote to do so. According to the Nolus white paper, its ecosystem’s goal is “to build a novel user experience–driven automated money market” that facilitates direct interactions between lenders and borrowers without involving any other users.

The Nolus lending method starts with lenders choosing to supply 

 to the system. Any borrower who submits a down payment can get a loan from this supply of stablecoins. Both the coins and the down payment are 

, and interest is determined based on the value of the items. There’s no fixed repayment schedule, but the smart contracts ensure that interest is automatically removed from the collateral, and then paid to the lender at regular intervals. Once the user decides to repay the lease, the original assets are released from the smart contract.

Nolus's lending protocol includes many ways for customers to profit and enjoy convenient services. Here are the main DeFi products you can access through Nolus.

DeFi leasing on Nolus is designed to be as convenient as possible. Customers don’t have to go through a lengthy application or pay a lot of fees to other users. You just enter your collateral and get a loan of up to three times the value of the initial investment. Interest rates vary between 11% and 18%, based on the market value of the digital assets. The 

 allow the loan to be repaid on your own schedule. However, keep in mind that you pay more interest if you wait a longer amount of time to repay the loan.

If you want to earn money based on your existing crypto, you can join one of the many 

 on Nolus by submitting stablecoins in exchange for interest-bearing Nolus crypto. When you're ready to withdraw your funds and stop participating in DeFi leasing, you can cash out your Nolus tokens to receive your initial asset, plus any additional interest or network fees you’ve earned.

Nolus's system of money markets isn't the only thing they provide. Users who decide to 

 a crypto asset on Nolus can earn more money. The Nolus ecosystem offers the option of staking NLS tokens in exchange for various incentives. Lenders receive higher amounts of rewards for lending stablecoins, and borrowers get a lower interest rate.

Nolus has had some impressive growth since its launch in 2023. In just six months, the lending protocol has assisted with thousands of loans, collectively worth $8.6 million in total. Its team calculates that they've managed to achieve an average 

Nolus hopes to expand on this momentum in 2024. Its main plan is to continue marketing the lending protocol heavily, attracting more users who want to do their own research and find the best possible loans. To further attract users from the DeFi sector, Nolus aims to add more support for other crypto tokens and increase network liquidity. Nolus stands for community-led governance, so they don't have a long-term road map in place. Instead, they plan to evolve and adjust to suit whatever community needs arise in the future.

. It allows users to adjust their interest rates, and it's also a 

. People with NLS tokens can vote on how the platform is run and help implement new changes for the platform. The NLS token has a total supply of 1 billion. Nolus’s plan is to gradually mint tokens over a ten-year period, and implement a token buyback program to help maintain value. NLS token distribution will be as follows:

When the NLS token was released in the summer of 2023, Nolus prices were fairly stable. However, now that investors can sell their NLS tokens, prices have become more volatile. Starting in December 2023, NLS prices 

, and although the token currently seems to be dropping from its all-time high of $0.10, more price increases seem likely in the future.

Not only is the market for the NLS token quite bullish right now, but the Nolus lending protocol is also attracting a lot of positive attention in the crypto space. If the network can maintain its positive attention and attract more users, prices seem likely to rise even further. CoinCodex predicts Nolus prices will stay in the $0.04 to $0.19 range for 2025, and hit 

. This attitude is backed up by crypto influencers such as Crypto Revolution, 

 an underrated crypto with a lot of potential for growth.

The Nolus project is a well-thought-out crypto protocol that offers users significant advantages. Its innovative approach to lending could potentially attract a lot of users from the DeFi space. In addition to having a reliable system backed with effective technology and a detailed white paper, NLS digital assets have also experienced some promising growth patterns. The crypto asset has had a slow yet steady climb in price, and now that it's trending in crypto news, it seems poised to take off.

However, keep in mind that it's still important to 

 on digital assets. Some crypto investors might find it concerning that the Nolus project is mostly backed by marketers, instead of blockchain enthusiasts. There have also been some tech issues, such as the 

 that led to some unnecessary margin calls. Subsequent issues could limit price appreciation of its crypto assets. Therefore, it's necessary to approach Nolus with caution and not overextend your finances.

Nolus's DeFi lease system allows people to obtain easy access to crypto. Its innovative approach provides investors with significant advantages. Unlike traditional finance, there's no lengthy application process, and in contrast to many other blockchain networks Nolus doesn't have frequent margin calls or high network fees. As long as Nolus doesn't run into any technological issues or financial problems, its network is likely to have a lot of success in the DeFi space.

Intermediate

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Nolus (NLS): Crafting Liquidity's Future With Leading DeFi Leases

Blockchain

Bitcoin

Bitcoin mempool refers to a waiting room that collects a valid pending (unconfirmed) transaction until it is processed & added to the block. But how long do you have to wait?

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Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency network that enables users to send and receive electronic payments anywhere in the world. There are no physical bitcoins, nor are there accounts in which bitcoins are held. Instead, Bitcoin acts as a form of electronic cash, and users can make peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions using the Bitcoin blockchain, which acts as a kind of electronic ledger. The blockchain is constantly updated by nodes, which share updated balances and data across the network. However, before transactions can be added to the blockchain, they must go to the mempool.

Before we reach the mempool, let’s understand how a Bitcoin transaction works. All bitcoin transactions are simply pending transactions and only exist in the mempool before it’s confirmed. Whenever a user initiates a bitcoin transaction, it’s signed cryptographically and sent to the Bitcoin network waiting for a miner to verify the transaction and add it to the blockchain. Every verified transaction is publicly available and accessible on the public ledger as a means to transparently record and distribute to the ledger of each Bitcoin transaction without being able to be manipulated.

 makes decentralization possible, but it has its limitations. For example, the Bitcoin network processes about 4.6 

 or TPS. Compare this to VisaNet, which processes 

. While some adaptations are possible to improve the scalability of blockchain technology, the system continues to be comparatively slow, which has led to high fees and occasional delays, particularly during periods of heavy transaction volume.

The blockchain was originally designed to allow Bitcoin to operate without banks, governmental oversight, regulatory agencies or other central authority. While Bitcoin doesn’t need external authorities to operate, it still needs to be capable of verifying transactions, which it does through cryptographic keys.

Bitcoin’s public-key cryptography act as identification for users, enabling them to access their wallets or accounts, and mainly to ensure the integrity of the transactions. Every user has a private key for their own use and a public key that’s visible to everyone on the system. Together, these keys act as a digital signature to authenticate transactions.

When two users reach an agreement about a specific transaction, the next step is authorization. Each transaction must be authorized before it can be added to the blockchain. This is done through consensus, which means that all the decentralized parties like the network’s computers, or 

 need to agree objectively that the transaction is authorized and valid. The owners (miners) of the nodes are incentivized to verify an unconfirmed transaction through the 

, or PoW, which requires them to solve cryptographic problems, or complex mathematical puzzles.

Once this problem is solved, the transaction is verified and can be added to the block. When the Bitcoin block is filled, it is added to the blockchain termed as finalization, and the next block is opened.

The mempool, or memory pool, is a virtual waiting room where it collects valid a pending transaction until a miner processes them to be added in the next block. 

Each node maintains its own mempool, and each node has its own storage capacity for unconfirmed transactions. When a transaction is confirmed and included in a block, it is removed from the mempool. 

Nodes share the mempool data by relaying the signed transactions from one another until it reaches the entire network. When an overall mempool reaches full capacity during periods of high transaction volume, the node prioritizes transactions judging on the bid 

 that are above the threshold fees. Any transactions that a lower than the threshold fees will be removed from the mempool and only newer transactions with fees that meet the minimum are added back into the mempool. In other words, higher fee transactions are prioritized to be processed and cleared from the mempool and to be added into the block.

The Correlation Between Bitcoin’s Mempool and Transaction Fees

If we think of the mempool as a waiting room, when it’s congested, there will be a high transaction volume waiting to be cleared. Typically, transactions move smoothly in and out of the mempool as they’re verified and added to the block, but occasionally, the mempool can become congested.

Periods of congestion can usually be traced to either a high volume of transactions or the trade hash decreasing abruptly. During these periods, the mempool becomes congested, and delays can occur, resulting in an increase in fees.

The term “trade hash” refers to blockchain mining difficulty. There may not be enough miners to handle the complexity or congestion of the blockchain at that moment. Therefore, some transactions must wait longer to be confirmed.

Each Bitcoin transaction sits in the mempool until it’s ready to be confirmed, but there is no single, overarching mempool. Every node has its associated mempool, and by default, the mempool typically does not exceed 300 MB.

When the mempool is congested, users have the option of paying higher fees, which can push their transactions to the front of the line for faster confirmation. On the other hand, the lower fee transactions will stay in the mempool, where they’ll remain unconfirmed until the congestion clears. Similarly, during times of minimal congestion when transaction volume is low, fees are correspondingly lower. Once a transaction is picked up and added to a confirmed block, it’s removed from the mempool.

You can check your BTC transaction status 

Understanding the Mempool Size and Transaction Count

The mempool size in bytes is a metric to estimate how long the congestion will last while the mempool transaction count chart offers a clear display of the influx of transactions that are causing congestion. The bigger the mempool size usually translate to a more congested network which will result in a longer average confirmation time and higher priority fees is required for the transactions to be added to the block. However, if the mempool size drops, it means a node has received a new valid block and ended up removing the pending transactions which are contained in the block from the mempool. 

Typically, the mempool size can fluctuate as it depends on the number of transactions that are being relayed. Since each node also has its own rendition of pending transactions depending on its capabilities to store unconfirmed transactions, this also explains why the mempool size varies.

 increases, it means the total number of unconfirmed transactions in the mempool is surging. Thus, a higher fee is incurred. For example, on October 4, 2021, Bitcoin’s mempool contained 4.25k of pending transactions, and the average transaction fee was $2.45. Compare this with October 25, 2021, when the mempool size reached a high of 6.6k transactions, with an average transaction fee of $3.09.

What to Do if There’s an Overload of Transactions?

During times of peak traffic, the Bitcoin network can end up with a significant backlog of transactions, increasing wait times and driving up transaction fees. When demand outpaces supply, miners have considerable leeway in choosing which transactions they’ll process first. In scenarios such as these, even those who have paid generous fees may be waiting longer than expected.

, including the fact that Bitcoin’s blockchain is not easily scalable — which means that it’s also easily overloaded. When dealing with periods of high congestion, you have the option of just waiting it out, or switching to the 

 to complete smaller transactions off the main chain, or paying a higher transaction fee.

Once the transaction has been sent, you still have a few options that can speed it along. If your transaction is stagnating in the queue, you can jump ahead in line with opt-in Replace-by-Fee, or opt-in RBF, which allows you to resend your transaction with a higher fee. Not all wallets support this option, however. If yours doesn’t, you’ll need to consider alternatives, such as “child pays for parent,” or CPFP. With CPFP, miners choose transactions that include the greatest combined fees. You can also use a transaction accelerator, which allows you to submit transactions that are at least 0.1 mBTC per kilobyte to the 

Finally, you can use the Lightning Network, which is a Layer 2 solution. The Lightning Network allows you to open a new channel, complete as many transactions as the desired off-chain from the conventional Bitcoin network, and then close the payment channel when the transactions are verified. When using the Lightning Network, you can essentially skip the congested queue, and your fees may also be significantly lower.

If neither the Lightning Network nor any other solution is an option, rest assured that even with stuck transactions, your bitcoin is not lost. It will remain in your wallet until the transaction is confirmed.

Every transaction must go through the mempool before it can be added to the blockchain. During times of high traffic and congestion, the mempool collects and stores transactions until miners can add them to the block.

The mempool also makes it possible for nodes to access other nodes’ mempools, which provides them with more details about specific transactions prior to confirmation. While most users want to spend as little time as possible in the mempool, that isn’t always possible — especially when more transactions arrive than can be cleared promptly. When a block is mined, all the transactions it contains will be cleared from the mempool, which decreases the size of the mempool accordingly.

Without the mempool, nodes would be unable to view incoming transactions, and they’d have no idea as to how congested the blockchain network is. It would be impossible to understand or pinpoint the source of traffic jams, high fees and other issues associated with congestion.

Waiting for a transaction to clear can be frustrating. While you might be tempted to blame the mempool, it’s a crucial feature of the Bitcoin network because it’s used to aggregate and hold transactions until they’re ready to add to the blockchain. Understanding how the mempool works can help you use it to your advantage to ensure your transactions are processed on time — and to decrease your frustration if they aren’t.

Bitcoin Mempool: What Happens to Unconfirmed Transactions?

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