Discover BitBrawl (BRAWL), a cross-chain compete-to-earn game on Solana with diverse modes, playable NFTs, and a fun, competitive experience.

 gaming has continued to grow with diverse projects looking to tap into this vibrant and promising space. That said, most of the games have focused on the play-to-earn (P2E) aspect of web3 gaming, which has saturated the web3 space with games that lack both enjoyable gameplay and sustainable reward systems.

 is looking to change that by creating the first cross-chain compete-to-earn (C2E) web3 game that encompasses fun, competition and rewards.

 is a cross-chain compete-to-earn (C2E) fighting game built on 

 that aims to provide fun and sustainably reward players. 

Its native token, BRAWL is used to power its compete-to-earn ecosystem.

s mission is to accommodate every player type — from games for competitive players to games for fun that you can play with friends and family. It's also focused on supporting a sustainable compete-to-earn ecosystem featuring weekly, monthly and even yearly tournaments to fairly reward players.

s storyline is based on 10,000 NFTs (brawlers) competing for glory, each one of them with unique skill sets originating from four regions: Nedunia, Ghule Islands, The Dynasty and The Underground.

The Nedunia region is a distant, secret planet consisting of one-eyed humanoids who use logic and rules to maneuver in it. In contrast, the Ghule Islands consist of ghouls who thrive on the adrenaline that comes with fighting.

The Dynasty is a city in the sky whose occupants are known for their ability to wield steel and move around in airships. Finally, The Underground is situated inside a dome on a gas-based asteroid. Its inhabitants have implanted artificial chips in order to manage the fluctuating levels of oxygen and nitrogen at different levels of the dome.

s gameplay involves player vs. player (PvP) matches known as brawls. Each player starts with three lives. Once a player loses all three, the game ends. There are also 2v2 or 3v3 matches for more fun online.

Gameplay consists of the following elements.

Non-fungible tokens (Brawlers) are a crucial component of the 

 game. Each of the NFTs has varying rarity, which will influence the amount of rewards you receive. There are four rarity classes of BitBrawl NFTs: common, epic, mythic and legendary. Each of the four regions in the game has been allocated 2,150 common NFTs, 250 epic NFTs, 100 mythic NFTs and 25 legendary NFTs.

Skins help you customize the in-game appearances of your Brawlers (NFTs). Once you 

 on OpenSea, you can connect your wallet and customize how you want to appear in the game. Skins are purely cosmetic, and do not enhance your NFTs’ power.

 has also partnered with other NFT games to allow you to play for free with their characters. Some notable names partnering with 

 include Karate Combat and G2A, in addition to UFC players such as Khamzat Chimaev and Darren Till. Better yet, 

s individual licensing method for NFTs allows you to play using NFTs such as those of 

BRAWL is the native utility token for the 

 game. It’s built on Solana, and has a total supply of 10 billion. As a functional token, BRAWL powers the game's in-game economy. BRAWL use cases include the following:

 in which you can use tickets to spin the wheel and earn points. As a BitBrawl NFT holder, you’re guaranteed daily tickets, with a chance to earn between 10 and 10,000 points.

You can also earn more tickets by partnering with the community, referring friends or participating in missions in the mission hub. Of the total BRAWL supply, 5% has been allocated to rewarding the community through airdrops.

The online gaming world is highly competitive, and 

 has designed a game in which everyone's a winner. The focus of the game is more on competing to earn, rather than simply playing to earn. As such, its competitive and rewarding design makes it fun and enticing.

 has adopted a unique licensing method that allows players to use playable characters from other games. This design makes the project scalable and flexible, so essential to the rapid growth being witnessed in the web3 gaming space. In fact, 

 could experience remarkable growth, especially when the NFT gaming narrative returns.

That said, this isn’t financial advice, and doesn’t guarantee future returns on BRAWL tokens. We highly recommend that you 

 or any other projects in the cryptocurrency market.

You can buy BRAWL on Bybit. It’s available on the Spot trading platform as a 

 provides a competitive but fun way to engage in web3 gaming. With over 10,000 Brawlers to choose from, players can explore the four regions and engage with others through the three modes in the game. 

s partnership with projects that allow the use of other NFTs in the game is also a unique approach.All in all, 

 is one Solana-based project to watch, due to its innovative gameplay and fun approach to gaming.

Beginner

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BitBrawl (BRAWL): Fight for Glory in a Cross-Chain Combat Adventure

Everyworld (EVERY) revolutionizes advertising with its blockchain-based platform, offering crypto rewards for watching ads while playing games, all the while supporting environmental causes.

Annoyed by online ads? You’re not alone, as most internet and mobile app users don't favorably view the myriad ads they’re bombarded with every time they visit a website or log in to their app. The resentment toward advertising is easily understandable, since there's nothing in it for the user — other than lost time and disruption to their activities in the virtual world.

Everyworld (EVERY) is a blockchain-based advertising platform that pays users crypto rewards for ads they watch while playing a game, radically changing how the advertising industry works. Besides vastly increasing the acceptance of the ads via incentivized viewing, Everyworld also contributes to green initiatives by donating a proportion of its revenues to environmental conservation organizations.

 (EVERY) is an advertising platform whose users can earn crypto rewards simply by watching ads.

 The project hosts its environmentally-themed game on Discord. Advertisers from various industries pay to run ads within the Everyworld game system, benefiting from the much greater acceptance of their promoted content under the incentivized viewing model.

The platform's Discord-based gaming environment boasts over 250,000 users, who, as of April 2024, have watched more than 50 million ads, earning crypto rewards in the process.

While Everyworld's game is based on Discord, the protocol's crypto operations, related to activities such as incentive payouts and payments by advertisers, are powered by the Ethereum-linked 

The Everyworld platform was developed by the New York-based 

 gaming developer Everyrealm. The company was founded in 2021 by a group of technology entrepreneurs — Janine Yorio, Jesse Stein, Julia Schwartz, Kostas Ketikidis and TJ Kawamura.

Users can play Everyworld’s game via its 

, and will soon be able to use a mobile app version as well. As you play the game, you’re served video ads and can earn the platform's native crypto, EVERY, for watching the promoted content. The more advertising you watch, the more EVERY rewards you earn.

Businesses placing ads on the platform pay the cost of advertising using EVERY tokens. These businesses can significantly benefit from the incentivized advertising mode, since according to Everyworld it increases the likelihood of an in-app purchase by six times as compared to traditional advertising models.

EVERY tokens paid for watching ads aren't the only incentives offered on Everyworld. The platform features a dual-incentive mechanism whereby users can also earn EVERY for participating in quests posted on Everyworld's social media pages.

For every reward issued to users, the Everyworld project has pledged to donate an equal amount to environmental causes. The charitable giving pledge is currently used to support four sustainability-focused organizations — The Ocean Cleanup, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Nature Conservancy and Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina.

Everyworld's native token, EVERY, is a utility asset designed for the platform's payment and reward mechanisms. Advertisers pay for ad placement in EVERY tokens, and users earn rewards in EVERY for watching ads and winning quests. 

Holders of the token can also enter drawings regularly held on the platform without needing to qualify for them via on-platform activity.

The EVERY token, launched on Apr 7, 2024, is a 

 asset, with a total and maximum supply of 10 billion. Its supply allocation shares are shown in the chart below.

With 3% of the total supply allocated to community airdrops, the project has announced its first 

 campaign, which kicked off on Apr 15, 2024. 

To qualify for the airdrop, you need to satisfy the following conditions:

Where to Buy the Everyworld Token (EVERY)

You can buy the EVERY token on Bybit as a 

. Additionally, until Apr 26, 2024, 10AM UTC, you can benefit from 

, a large-scale campaign with a whopping 140 million EVERY (around $6 million as of Apr 16, 2024) on offer.

The EVERY token has been on the market since Apr 7, 2024, and is trading at around $0.0425, which is 45% lower than its ATH of $0.07688, registered on the token's launch day (Apr 7, 2024) and 40.2% higher than its ATL of $0.03015, recorded on Apr 13, 2024.

Long-term price forecasts for EVERY are primarily bullish, with PricePrediction 

 to trade at $0.0826 in 2025 and $0.5451 in 2030, and DigitalCoinPrice 

 of $0.011 in 2025 and $0.32 in 2030, respectively.

Traditional advertising is slowly dying, with target audiences fed up with the avalanche of ads they’re hit with online, and advertisers seeing their conversion rates decline year after year. The incentivized, watch-to-earn model championed by Everyworld might soon become the norm in the industry. All the evidence points to this model being vastly superior to traditional ads in terms of target audience engagement, conversion rates and user satisfaction.

Everyworld might not be the only player in the 

 universe that has adopted the watch-to-earn model, but it’s undoubtedly one of the top gaming-focused crypto projects in this niche. In addition, the environmental initiatives supported by the platform are also among its distinct features. With all these unique points of distinction, Everyworld has the chance to soon become a leading web3 incentivized ads provider. 

Watching video content and getting paid for it — very few gamers would object to that!

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Everyworld (EVERY): Watch, Earn and Conserve With Web3 Advertising

Apeiron (APRS) pioneers a god game experience in blockchain gaming, offering moral choices and diverse gameplay modes within its tri-token ecosystem.

The gaming world is highly versatile, with many genres to choose from, such as shooter games, adventure, simulation, puzzles, survival, action and many others. However, one genre that hasn't been explored widely in the crypto space is the “god games” genre, in which players take the role of a god.

 have dominated the traditional gaming space for over thirty years. 

 gaming space, and will be the first god game based on blockchain where players can make moral choices between good and evil in thegodiverse, a virtual gaming world for god games. 

 is the first web3 god game built on blockchain in which players get a chance to become a 

 and play god with the divine power to create/destroy in the godiverse.

This free-to-play game was conceptualized in 2016 by a team of gaming veterans, and successfully fundraised $13 million in its seed round in 2022. As an 

 gives crypto gamers the chance to summon an 

 and use it to maneuver through a chaotic dungeon experience in the game.

 blockchain to leverage its fast and cheap ecosystem, eliminating the entry barriers caused by high gas fees. However, in Q3 2023, the game migrated to Ronin, a 

 blockchain explicitly designed for gaming. 

 has also chosen the Unity game engine as its front-end gaming development partner. Unity’s blockchain-compatible gaming stack gives crypto game developers a competitive advantage over other gaming platforms, such as Unreal Engine.

 combines centralized servers with the decentralized aspect of blockchain to enhance the gaming experience. The centralized servers mainly handle game logic aspects, such as PvP matching and event-hosting on Galactic Arena, while the decentralized blockchain powers the NFT aspect of the game, such as minting NFT assets and token rewards. 

has a triple-token ecosystem consisting of Apeiros (APR), Anima (ANIMA) and Ringularity (RNGU) tokens. 

are known as godlings, living in mysterious parts of the planet called EDENs. A godling is embodied by a Spirit Core that controls an Avatar, which manifests various planetary powers.

The planetary powers wielded by the Avatar are represented by four planet elements: Water, Earth, Air and Fire. The most common and weakest planetary type is the Quad Planet, a combination of all elements, while Pure Planets contain only one element, and are the rarest and strongest type.

A godling is ushered into the game as a newborn divine entity who takes control of a planet filled with subjects called the Doods, cute and cuddly tiny creatures that worship the godling for provision and a better life.

A godling can be a force for good, helping the Doods by enhancing their quality of life and advancing their civilization, and in turn receiving worship from them.

Alternatively, the godling player can decide to be a force for evil and terrorize the Doods with elemental disasters, such as fireballs, receiving worship through fear. A healthy population of Doods is beneficial to the growth of the planet and the Avatar powers.

A godling can use their Avatar to take part as a fighter against the forces of Chaos in the Dirac Dimension. Here, the Avatars can explore dungeons and collect Apostles, Doods found in dungeons that are inspired to join the Avatar in its battles. These Apostles accompany the Avatar into battles of god vs. god that occur in the Galactic Arena.

As a godling, you can perform Miracles in response to your Doods' prayers, offering blessings, punishments or even large-scale Planetary Miracles. Depending upon the types of Miracles you cast, your planet alignment will shift between good and evil.

Under the god simulation, you can also breed planets to create a third planet if you have more than two planets. This process is called Celestial Conjunction. The goal of planetary breeding is to produce a Pure Planet with one element, such as Fire. Such planets give special powers to the Avatar.

If you feel that the development of your planet is unsatisfactory at the height of its civilization, you can trigger an Armageddon event to destroy the planet, thereby ushering it into a superior planetary cycle by starting over.

Some of the benefits a godling can collect from triggering an Armageddon event include Soul Gems, in-game ANIMA tokens for the new cycle, gaining a more impressive planet and deeper access into the Dirac Dimension’s dungeons.

PvE game mode occurs in the endless Dirac Dungeons Dimension. It allows players to fight and recruit or rescue Dood Apostles, who can either be used as sidekicks in galactic battles or converted into Relic NFTs. You earn Apostles and ANIMA by completing dungeon exploration with layouts that change every time you enter.

PvP battle mode occurs in the Galactic Arena, where players fight each other in galactic tournaments for the first position in the monthly leadership position and earn in-game tokens (ANIMA and APRS).

Players work together to progress the living story of the Apeiron godiverse galaxies. The guild vs. guild alliance features Avatar and Raid Boss battles that unlock new content on a seasonal basis.

 features four core NFT assets: Planet NFTs, Stars, Apostles and Relics.

Planet NFTs are essential and valuable assets that enable players to create customized gaming experiences, and possess two aspects: the planet itself and the Avatar. Different planets have different elemental distributions of Earth, Air, Fire and Water that determine the superiority of the skills the Avatar will possess. Pure planets make more superior Avatars in terms of skills, while Primeval Planets are generated through presale. Having a Primeval Planet gives you various perks, such as cheaper planet breeding and early access to the latest game builds.

Star NFTs help accelerate the aging of your planet. The older a planet gets, the more powerful it becomes, as older planets contain more Relic slots. Each star NFT contains a number of Orbital Tracks that serve as homes for the aging planets. Owners of Star NFTs can either use Orbital Tracks to hold their own planets or rent extra space to other planet owners. Star NFTs are suitable for more competitive and committed players, allowing them to take part in Alliance and Guild game modes.

There are 12 heroic Apostle classes, including Hunters, Warriors and Priests, that play sidekick to the Avatar during the PvE, PvP and Guild vs. Alliance game modes.

While exploring a dungeon, players can easily find the Dood Apostles in the in-battle treasure chests or shops. Each Apostle possesses three skills and individual values (IV) representing its battle stats.

Godlings can convert their Apostles obtained in the dungeons into Relic NFTs using the APRS governance token, allowing them to trade the NFT on the marketplace or use it in another planetary cycle after an Armageddon event.

Relic NFTs are obtained after the Armageddon event, which resets the planet in a much purer state. Once the event is over, the player can convert all gameplay objects from the previous cycle that would otherwise be lost permanently between cycles. Objects include Apostles, equipment, cosmetics and even rare Planetary Wonders.

Converting these objects into Relic NFTs is done via APRS tokens. Once that’s done, the player can insert the Relic NFTs into the renewed planet’s Relic slot, which gives players a great head start on the new planetary cycle. Alternatively, players can sell their Relic NFTs to other players on the Apeiron NFT marketplace.

There are two unique aspects of Apeiron's tokenomics. First, its game economy is powered by three tokens. Secondly, its two core tokens, Apeiros and Anima, have in-game versions.

. It allows players to stake, take part in governance through a 

 (DAO) and earn a yield of up to 150% APR. Its in-game currency version is Aperium. Additionally, participation in DAO governance is optional. New players can join the ongoing 

 on Bybit and become one of the lucky winners in this large free APRS giveaway.

:Anima (ANIMA) is a play-to-earn incentive token with various utilities, such as a revival chance in the dungeon. Its in-game version, Animus, is non-tradeable but can be used as a discount currency for ANIMA to reward players in all aspects of gameplay.

: A unique multiplayer token that allows players to access exclusive sales for limited in-game items on the Apeiron marketplace.

s status as the first god game on blockchain puts the team in a pioneering position to establish

 as the standard of excellence for the godiverse blockchain gaming industry in the future. The intriguing gameplay storyline, the team’s dedication, investor trust, and the fact that 

draws inspiration from a list of similar successful gaming enterprises in the industry are likely to positively influence its chances for success.

Additionally, the team is keen on adding value to players' gaming experience, such as through interoperability in the larger metaverse, asset ownership and enhanced gameplay environment.

also aims to integrate AI into its gameplay mechanics and production in order to capitalize on recent advancements in AI technology, which are expected to disrupt various industries, including web3 and NFT games.

The power of AI will bring an enhanced level of interaction to Doods and Apostles for both in-game and on-chain functionality. In addition, the 

 team will train their own AI models to utilize their intellectual property assets to create artwork for gameplay and enable crossover assets for an interoperable metaverse environment.

 constantly strives for improvement with each season release. There are three seasons available so far, andthe entire game is scheduled to go live in 2024. 

Season 1 of the game was its debut as a minimally viable product, providing an early preview of what to expect from 

's PvE game mode in the future. Season 2 of

, featured an expanded Battle Demo of the PvE. This season also allowed players to mint their own Apostle NFTs.

’s transition from demo to beta mode. It enables players to enjoy the PvE dungeon exploration, customize their godling adventures, try out new PvP Galactic Arenas and join Alliances. It also marked the start of players being able to mint their own Planet NFTs.

That said, this isn't financial advice, and we highly recommend that you 

 is boldly paving the way for a new era of futuristic gaming with blockchain and artificial intelligence. Its tri-token system creates a dynamic ecosystem that encourages players to actively participate in governance, gameplay and community collaboration, while offering incentives and rewards tailored to each aspect of the game.

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Apeiron (APRS): A God Game to Dominate Boundless Realms

Eesee (ESE) offers a gamified NFT marketplace with a lottery system, allowing buyers to purchase assets at a fraction of their market price while sellers can fetch higher prices than other platforms.

How can a marketplace solve the millennia-old dilemma of sellers trying to get the maximum price for their products and buyers wanting to pay as little as possible? That's an impossibility, you might argue, and you'd be correct most of the time. However, one NFT marketplace, eesee (ESE), has managed to do just that. 

The eesee project offers a gamified crypto assets marketplace where NFT sellers can create "raffle drops" — lottery-like product listings — and potential buyers can purchase tickets for a chance to win the listed 

, paying only a fraction of the item's actual market price. Market sellers benefit, too, as NFT creators and traders can often sell their assets for a much higher price than their items would fetch on other marketplaces.

 (ESE) is a gamified digital asset marketplace that uses a lottery system to help sellers sell quickly and get higher prices for their assets, while allowing buyers to purchase assets for fractions of their real market prices. 

As of mid-April 2024, eesee specializes in digital asset trading for NFTs. In the future, the project team plans to introduce other digital assets, such as fungible cryptocurrencies and real-world assets (

). NFTs listed on the platform span genres as diverse as art, gaming, music and sports.

Eesee was founded in 2022 by technology entrepreneur Vova Sadkov and is based in Dubai, UAE. It operates as a decentralized app (

 (ETH) and the Ethereum-linked Layer 2 network 

Sellers on the eesee platform create lots to sell their digital items via a gamified lottery system. Buyers willing to enter the raffle for the NFT buy tickets for a chance to win the item. Typically, the ticket cost represents only a fraction of the NFT's actual market value. The ticket's marginal cost attracts more buyers to join the raffle, thereby allowing sellers to sell their NFTs quicker, and at prices they'd be unlikely to get elsewhere.

The hopeful buyers who lose during the lottery are still entitled to a share of the trading volume from the platform's operations. Once the users reach a specific trading volume, bonuses are unlocked that include ESE tokens and other digital assets.

NFT sellers can either bring in their assets held outside of the eesee platform or mint new ones specifically for listing on the marketplace. For any lot/NFT lottery, the seller can assign their preferred fixed price and the number of tickets by which to divide the listing price. Anyone willing to enter the lottery buys a ticket for a chance to win the item.

Each ticket has an equal probability of winning. The eesee marketplace uses a transparent randomizer system to decide each lottery winner. Eesee's randomizer is sourced via 

 (LINK), the industry's leading oracle services provider. Chainlink is a popular and trusted choice for many crypto projects looking to maintain the highest level of transparency in their operations.

To further maintain the fairness of the lottery system, no potential buyer is allowed to purchase more than 20% of the tickets allocated to the lot.

When the item is sold, eesee retains 6% of the sale amount as a commission to fund its reward pool for monthly cashbacks. The pool is a crucial element of the platform's operations, used to distribute trading volume allocations and rewards to all of the platform’s users, including buyers who miss out on the chance to win in the lotteries. A user's platform activity is the primary determinant of the amounts they can earn from the pool: the more lifetime activity they accumulate, the more monthly cashback they’ll earn.

ESE is the platform's native crypto, envisioned to have both governance and utility functions. Members of the platform's 

 (i.e., users eligible for trading volume distributions from the rewards pool) can vote on important aspects of eesee's operations and protocol rules. In order to be eligible for voting, a DAO member needs to hold at least 10,000 ESE in their wallet.

As a utility token, ESE is used for all transactions on the platform — item sales, ticket purchases, trading volume allocations from the rewards pool, commission payments and any other transaction activity.

ESE was launched on Apr 12, 2024. The token's maximum supply is 1 billion, and its total supply is around 427 million. Supply allocation shares for the ESE token are per the table below.

 on Bybit's Spot market. In addition, until Apr 24, 2024, you can take part in Bybit's 

 for a chance to win a share of the 100,000 USDT price pool.

As of Apr 15, 2024, ESE is in its fourth day on the market, trading at $0.1218. Long-term price forecasts for the newly launched token are largely bullish. PricePrediction 

 $0.2686 in 2025 and $1.43 in 2030, while DigitalCoinPrice 

Eesee presents a unique marketplace. Not often do you encounter an NFT platform on which both sellers and buyers can benefit considerably from a rare win-win scenario. Naturally, there’s the issue of those who lose out during the lotteries. Nevertheless, even these users can recoup some or even all of their losses, thanks to the trading volume reward distributions. 

The more often you participate on the platform, the higher the distributions to which you’ll be entitled. Additionally, more active participation spells a higher chance of winning at least some of the items you'd like to add to your personal NFT collection. The more we think of eesee and its gamified system, the fewer losers in the process we can spot!

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Eesee (ESE): Gamified Marketplace for Affordable High-Value Assets

Bybit Learn

Blockchain

A Merkle tree is a structure that is used to verify data integrity in a set. Find out how it works and its role in blockchain in this article.

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Merkle trees are used in computer science applications as a data structure for data verification and synchronization. Merkle trees are also used to more securely and efficiently encrypt 

With cryptocurrencies, a Merkle tree database is used to securely split the block's data and ensure that it is not lost, damaged, or altered. This method of data management makes it possible to validate specific transactions without downloading the entire, terabyte-sized blockchain. It is a reliable, secure, and cryptographic method of running the blockchain.

 giant, FTX, many CEXs have built and implemented Merkle Tree as a form of 

 to assure users that their funds are safe. In this article, we will be discussing what are Merkle trees, their role in blockchain and how a user can validate their funds using the Merkle tree.

Ralph Merkle, a computer scientist renowned for his work on 

, proposed Merkle trees in the 1987 paper "A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function". Cryptographic hashing was also invented by Merkle.

Merkle tree is a hash-based mathematical data structure that compiles the summaries of all the transactions in a block. It is a method for quickly checking the accuracy of data in a decentralization manner. As a result of its functionalities, Merkle trees are utilized more effectively and securely to encrypt blockchain data. 

Merkle trees are often used with peer-to-peer (P2P) networks because of the need to have information shared and independently validated. Let’s understand more about Merkle trees and how they work.

The Merkle tree, also known as a hash tree, has a binary tree structure, with the hashes of the transactional data on the bottom row being referred to as "Leaf Nodes," the intermediate hashes being referred to as "Non-Leaf Nodes," and the hash at the top being referred to as the "Root." Even though the majority of hash tree implementations are binary (each node has two child nodes), they can also have a lot more child nodes.

When looking at the structure of a Merkle tree, all transactions are grouped in pairs. Each pair has a computed hash that's stored directly in the parent node. These nodes are also grouped into pairs, after which their hash is stored on the next level up. This process continues until reaching the root of the Merkle tree.

Let’s take a look at each of the nodes:

These are the hashes of each cryptocurrency transaction in a block, also referred to as transaction IDs (TXIDs). You view the transaction hash when you search for a transaction on a block explorer.

Then, to create a layer of non-leaf nodes above the leaf nodes, these leaf nodes are hashed together in pairs. They are known as non-leaf nodes because, in contrast to leaf nodes, they merely store the hash of the two leaf nodes that it represents and don't contain transaction IDs (or hashes). As a result, there will be half as many hashes (or nodes) in the non-leaf node layer above the leaf nodes as there are in the leaf node layer. As the tree narrows as it ascends, these non-leaf node layers continue to be hashed together in pairs, resulting in half as many nodes per layer. Two nodes will be present in the final non-leaf node layer. This creates the Merkle root and is the location of the last hashing in a Merkle tree.

With Bitcoin, the hashes of all transactions are combined into a single hash and stored in the block header. The Merkle root, also known as the root hash, is this particular hash. The leaf nodes (transaction IDs/hashes) at the base of the Merkle tree can be verified using this Merkle root. When used for cryptocurrencies, the Merkle root makes sure that data blocks are unaltered, undamaged and whole.

A Merkle tree is binary, which means that the total number of different leaf nodes must be even for the tree to be properly constructed. When an odd number of leaf nodes exists, the previous hash will be duplicated to provide an even number of nodes.

A Merkle tree is essentially designed to break large pieces of data into considerably smaller chunks, which ensures that all the transactions can be verified promptly. The tree summarizes every transaction by creating a small fingerprint of a specific set of transactions, which makes it easier for users to verify the availability of transactions in a block. 

Merkle trees are formed by hashing different pairs of nodes until just one hash remains, which is referred to as the 

. These trees are built from the bottom up, with each transaction consisting of hashes. Every leaf node is a singular hash of data. As for non-leaf nodes, these are hashes of previous hashes.

Let's say that a Merkle tree consists of four transactions which are labeled D0, D1, D2 and D3. Each transaction is hashed before the hash is stored directly on the leaf node. When this occurs, hash N0, N1, N2 and N3 are created. Any consecutive pair of leaf nodes will then be summarized in a parent node via the hashing of hash N0 and hash N1, which results in hash N4. If hash N2 and hash N3 are hashed together, hash N5 is created. Both of these hashes, N4 and N5, are hashed once more in order to create the Merkle root.

This process can be used with extensive data sets. The Merkle root is responsible for summarizing the data that's present in specific transactions, all of which are stored directly in the block header. This technique results in data integrity being properly maintained. In the event that one detail within the transaction is changed at some point, the Merkle root will automatically change alongside it.

There are many benefits for blockchain technology and cryptocurrency platforms when using a Merkle tree to verify transactions, which include everything from efficient verification to easy tampering detection.

It's easy for transaction integrity to be verified in practically no time at all. Because of how the data is structured, very little memory needs to be used during the verification process and the computing power required is significantly reduced. 

Because blockchains typically consist of hundreds of thousands of blocks, each of which can contain up to several thousand transactions, validating the data poses two major challenges: memory space and computing power. Every node on the network would have been required to maintain a complete copy of every transaction that has ever taken place on the blockchain if Merkle trees were not a concept in the blockchain. A node would have had to compare each entry line by line when verifying a transaction to ensure that its records exactly match the network records. The network's security could be jeopardized if there was any discrepancy between the records. As a result, to compare the records to make sure there had been no changes, the computer used to validate the data would have needed much more processing power. 

Merkle trees, on the other hand, offer a solution to this issue by drastically reducing the amount of data that must be kept on hand for verification needs. They hash every entry in the ledger, effectively separating the data itself from the evidence supporting it. Without knowing every single TXID in a block, you can check a TXID using the Merkle root with a Merkle tree. A Merkle tree is essentially a great way to demonstrate that something is present in a dataset without having to download the entire set. Consequently, less computing power is needed to validate the transactions.

As a result of the distribution of the transactions on the block among the validators, each validator is working on a different transaction at the same time. Compared to a method where each transaction is sequentially validated after another, this is much more effective.

Simple Payment Verification (SPV), which enables you to confirm a transaction without downloading an entire block or blockchain, is made possible by the Merkle tree. This enables the use of a light-client node, more formally known as a crypto wallet, to send and receive transactions.

The hash structure makes it easy for miners to identify if tampering has occurred with transactions. 

A distinct hash value is generated for each block using the Merkle root. The block links one block to another in the blockchain by including the hash of the preceding block. The hash of any transaction changes whenever that transaction is modified. The block becomes invalid as a result of this change because it cascades up to the Merkle Root and alters its value. This then causes a change in the hash of the following block, rendering the remainder of the Blockchain invalid. As a result, the Merkle tree creates an immutable record of the block's transactions.

Double spending can also be prevented as a result. If an individual tries to double-spend his digital currency, a hash will be generated for that transaction. If that hash matches the existing records present on the Blockchain, that transaction is rejected.

Why Are Merkle Trees Important in Blockchains?

Merkle trees have proven to be essential for blockchain technology because they facilitate quick and easy verification in a manner that's not possible with other techniques. These Merkle trees provide developers with the ability to compress exceedingly large sets of data by getting rid of all unnecessary data, and turning the data that remains into hashes. The various features provided by Merkle trees include:

As mentioned in the beginning, following the downfall of FTX, users have been concerned as to whether their funds are actually kept safe in CEXs. As a result, multiple CEXs have come forth to develop a Merkle Tree Proof-of-Reserve mechanism. In this section, we will be looking into Merkle proofs and how our users can validate their funds.

A Merkle tree proof is a cut from a Merkle tree, not the actual tree. And be represented as an array or sequence (shown by the orange portion in the diagram below).

All of the leaf nodes and the balance information for a particular single user of our company are represented by the figure's last level nodes. Assuming that the pink people in the figure represent the intended recipients of the proofs, we extract the orange portions of the figure level by level and present the proof documents to the users in order of height. It's significant to remember that the Merkle proof has two main components

Taking the volume of 10 million users as an example, the height of the tree can be calculated as Log2(10,000,000) = 23.2534966642 based on the mathematical formula, which gives the height of the tree as 24 levels. Therefore, the nodes in the graph that are intentionally not provided to users will be 24 - 2 = 22.

Merkle tree is a complete binary tree, which allows us to calculate all of the information about its parent node by simply knowing the left and right nodes. Two parts make up this complete information: the balance data and the hash data.

The validation of the Merkle tree is computed by deriving the B and D and verifying that

What Is a Merkle Tree & What Is Its Role in Blockchain?

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