Explore this week's key macro trend: the upcoming FOMC meeting, and how it could potentially impact crypto and traditional markets.

Following last year's dovish moves by the US Federal Reserve, which adjusted the target range to 4.25%–4.5%, a potential reduction in interest rates could stimulate the US economy and provide a much-needed boost to both cryptocurrencies and stocks. With the next Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting set for March 19, 2025, investors are watching closely for insights into policymakers' outlook and future plans.

In this article, Bybit explores this week's key macro trend: the upcoming FOMC meeting. But first, let's review 

Last week, key macroeconomic reports in the US included job openings, the Core Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Core Producer Price Index (PPI).

 232,000 to 7.74 million, hires rose 19,000 to nearly 5.4 million and layoffs declined (for a fourth straight month) to 34,000. Additionally, a revised December 2024 reading showed 7.508 million vacancies, down from the originally reported 7.6 million.

With job openings exceeding forecasts of 7.63 million, the labor market remains resilient despite the Federal Reserve's restrictive monetary policy.

In February, the CPI for core (and all) items 

, slightly below the expected 0.3% increase. On an annual basis, headline inflation reached 2.8% and core inflation hit 3.1%, both 0.1% lower than analysts' forecasts.

This softer-than-expected inflation suggests that price pressures are gradually easing, potentially strengthening the case for a Fed rate cut later this year. However, trade policy uncertainty and tariffs remain key risks.

The PPI, a key measure of pipeline inflation pressures, 

 in February 2025 after jumping 0.6% in January. This was well below the 0.3% increase expected by analysts, suggesting easing cost pressures on producers.

The unexpected 0.1% decline in core PPI (excluding food and energy) further supports this trend, potentially giving the Fed more flexibility in future rate decisions.

Macro events' impact on crypto and equity markets

Following an 8.3% drop on Mar 10, 2025 after the US job openings report, the combined crypto market cap recovered all losses by March 16, closing the week at $2.75 trillion. Bitcoin followed the same trend, gaining 2.35% over seven days, while Ethereum and Solana posted a 7.24% loss and a 2.18% gain, respectively.

Equity and crypto markets moved in the same direction last week. After a sharp decline on March 10, all three major US stock indices — the S&P 500 (SPX), Nasdaq-100 (NDX) and Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJI) — entered a recovery. However, equity markets closed the week lower, with the SPX, NDX and DJI losing 2.29%, 2.46% and 3.09%, respectively.

FOMC Meeting on Mar 19, 2025: What are investors watching for?

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is widely expected to hold interest rates steady at its meeting on Mar 19, 2025. According to the 

, there’s just a 1% probability of a rate cut, with a 99% chance that the federal funds rate remains at 4.25%–4.5%. 

Fed Chair Jerome Powell has emphasized that inflation remains 

, while the labor market continues to show strength. Given these conditions, policymakers are expected to maintain a cautious stance, waiting for more economic data before adjusting policy.

Although a March rate cut is highly unlikely, investors will focus on signals regarding future policy moves, particularly for the upcoming May and June meetings. The FOMC is set to release updated economic projections, including forecasts for inflation, GDP growth and employment. If these forecasts weaken, the chances of a May rate cut could rise. Powell's press conference will be closely watched for clues about the Fed's timing for potential rate cuts.

While March rate cuts seem to be off the table, a Fed rate cut by June remains a possibility. Based on FedWatch data, there’s an 18% probability of a rate cut in May and a 68.5% chance in June. If the Fed cuts rates in June, there’s a 57.3% probability it will lower the target range to 4.0%–4.25% and an 11.2% chance it will drop to 3.75%–4.0%.

Beyond the immediate rate decision, changes in the Fed's tone will be key. If the Fed expresses less confidence in economic strength, or highlights growing risks from tariffs and fiscal tightening, it could signal a shift toward a more dovish stance. The bond market's reaction will also be crucial, as any shift in the Fed's tone could impact Treasury yields, equities and risk sentiment.

Will Powell pause or slow quantitative tightening (QT)?

Quantitative tightening (QT) is the Fed's process of shrinking its balance sheet by allowing bonds to mature without reinvesting the proceeds. This effectively removes liquidity from financial markets, making borrowing more expensive, and slowing economic activity. The Fed 

 in June 2022 as part of its strategy to combat inflation, complementing interest rate hikes by draining excess liquidity from markets.

 adding uncertainty, some FOMC officials are now considering pausing or slowing QT to prevent liquidity shortages. The Fed has already 

 from financial markets, and continued reductions could strain bank reserves and money markets. If QT persists at its current pace, liquidity risks may emerge as the Treasury refills its Treasury General Account (TGA). A sudden loss of liquidity could disrupt short-term lending markets, forcing the Fed to intervene before financial conditions deteriorate.

Market sentiment is shifting, with Polymarket bettors assigning a 

 of QT ending before May. If Powell signals a slowdown, stocks and cryptocurrencies could benefit from increased liquidity. However, the Fed remains cautious, as an early halt to QT could weaken its inflation-fighting efforts.

March 19 FOMC: A key macro event for financial markets

The Federal Reserve's upcoming March 19 FOMC meeting is a critical event for investors, with markets widely expecting no rate cut, as inflation remains above target and the labor market remains strong.

Meanwhile, last week's economic data showed resilient job openings, softer-than-expected inflation and flat producer prices, signaling a mixed outlook for monetary policy. Additionally, speculation is rising that the Fed may pause or slow quantitative tightening due to debt ceiling concerns. This shift would increase liquidity, potentially boosting risk assets, such as crypto and equities.

Did you know that you can gain exposure to gold, forex and other financial markets via 

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Macro this week: What to expect from the March 19 FOMC meeting

Onchain Labs, in collaboration with The Arbitrum Foundation, is launching a program to accelerate onchain application development on Arbitrum.

Daily top performer — EOS Network (EOS)

The S&P 500 fell 1.07% as tech stocks declined, with Tesla down 5.3%. Investors await the Fed’s policy decision amid trade tensions and recession concerns. Gold hit a record $3,030 as tariffs, Middle East tensions, and Fed rate cut bets drive demand. Markets await the Fed’s policy decision. The Coindesk Indices, which tracks the broader crypto market, fell by 0.41%, with Bitcoin and Ether down by 2.61% and 1.57% in the past 24 hours. Trade these markets and more with up to 500x leverage on Bybit MT5 using this 

Today’s top performer is EOS, up 30.9% after EOS Network unveils Vaulta, a Web3 banking platform bridging crypto and traditional finance.

EOS Network (EOS), launched in 2018, is a fast, cost-effective blockchain for DApps, using Delegated Proof-of-Stake and EOS tokens for governance. It features rapid transactions, flexible smart contracts, and developer-friendly tools for seamless upgrades and execution. EOS Network introduces 

, a Web3 banking platform bridging digital assets and traditional finance. Launching in May 2025, it will support asset tokenization and DeFi solutions, guided by a Banking Advisory Council for compliance and adoption.

Check out the latest prices, charts, and data of 

 with The Arbitrum Foundation, is launching a program to accelerate onchain application development on Arbitrum. As the original builders of Arbitrum, Offchain Labs brings deep technical expertise and user insights to support developers in creating innovative applications. The initiative will provide product and go-to-market support while ensuring fair and equitable project launches. With Arbitrum’s advanced technology and strong developer ecosystem, Onchain Labs aims to drive the next wave of industry-leading applications, with its first project set to debut soon.

Yesterday, BTC spot ETFs saw $9.0 million in outflows, all from non-GBTC funds.

 lets users earn airdrop rewards by buying and staking lvlUSD, a stablecoin backed by USDT and USDC. Providing liquidity to the lvlUSD/USDC pool on Curve boosts XP earnings up to 40x. The program also grants eligibility for the Symbiotic airdrop, offering two rewards in one.

Beginner

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Onchain Labs launches program to accelerate Arbitrum app development

Eclipse merges Ethereum & Solana, using Solana’s SVM for high scalability. With modular design & ZK proofs, it offers fast, low-cost transactions.

 (ETH) network has revolutionized the way we look at blockchain technology. Unfortunately, Ethereum has also suffered from performance issues, due to network congestion and its suboptimal scalability setup. Two approaches to dealing with the blockchain's performance weaknesses took off around 2020 and 2021 — one was active work on alternative blockchain networks that would deliver better scalability and throughput capacity and, in parallel with it, research and development on Ethereum-linked 

The first approach led to the introduction of several high-performance networks, among which 

 (SOL) has stood out, thanks to its excellent throughput capacity of up to 65,000 

 (TPS). In turn, the work on Layer 2 solutions resulted in numerous rollup networks, with 

 (OP) probably the most dominant of these as of 2025. Both Solana and the leading rollups servicing Ethereum feature much lower transaction fees and higher processing capacity compared to Ethereum, the world's premier smart contract chain.

However, Solana isn't directly compatible with Ethereum to leverage the latter's vast ecosystem, while the existing rollups come with their own share of drawbacks — poor compatibility with non-Ethereum environments, inefficient data availability (DA) layers, inflexible validation of cryptographic proofs that accompany transaction data and the lack of parallelized processing.

Eclipse is an Ethereum Layer 2 network that utilizes the Solana Virtual Machine (SVM) to offer a platform compatible with both Solana and Ethereum. Its SVM-powered engine, 

 (TIA)–based DA layer and selective use of 

 (ZK) proofs allow Eclipse to achieve stellar performance characteristics and address the main drawbacks of existing Layer 2 rollups.

 is an Ethereum Layer 2 solution that uses Solana's SVM as its processing engine to achieve greater scalability and throughput capabilities than existing Layer 2 rollups. 

The network also leverages a modular design, outsourcing its data availability (DA) layer to Celestia. Furthermore, Eclipse employs ZK proofs in an otherwise optimistic validation environment to streamline transaction processing in cases where the standard optimistic fraud proofs are challenged. 

All of these properties allow Eclipse to achieve unparalleled performance characteristics by the standards of the Ethereum ecosystem. The platform boasts transaction fees of just $0.0002, and can theoretically scale up to 65,000 TPS, the upper limit of the SVM.

Eclipse’s network has implemented the Hyperlane cross-chain protocol, allowing it to communicate directly with the ecosystems of Solana and Ethereum. As such, it's the first Ethereum-linked rollup that features direct compatibility with the Solana chain. This allows Eclipse to potentially unify the DApp ecosystems of the two major blockchains.

The Eclipse testnet was unveiled in early 2024, and its 

 was launched in November 2024 and operates without a native token of its own, instead using ETH for transaction fees and other operations. Based in San Francisco, California, Eclipse was founded in 2022 by entrepreneur/angel investor Sam Thapaliya and blockchain developer Neel Somani. The project boasts an impressive list of institutional and individual investors that includes Polychain Capital and Anatoly Yakovenko, co-founder of Solana.

What is the Solana Virtual Machine (SVM)?

Eclipse's execution engine is based on Solana's SVM, which features several properties that make it more scalable and adaptable to heavy loads than Ethereum's native virtual machine, the 

. The SVM can handle up to 65,000 TPS, while the realistic throughput observed on Ethereum at its 

There’s been much discussion in the industry about the EVM scaling up to hundreds of thousands of TPS, but these improvements have yet to materialize, and are mostly dependent on utilizing Layer 2 rollups linked to the main chain. A key factor contributing to the SVM's superior throughput capacity is its ability to process multiple transactions in parallel. Unlike the SVM, the EVM engine doesn't support parallelized processing.

Another feature of Eclipse’s SVM is the ability to support programming languages commonly used in the Solana ecosystem — Rust and C. Compared to Solidity, the primary programming language used in EVM environments, Rust and C offer certain advantages in terms of both performance and security.

Like other Layer 2 platforms, Eclipse uses the Ethereum Layer 1 network for transaction settlement. This is where the finality and validity of transactions processed on Layer 2 are confirmed. The use of Layer 1 ensures that Eclipse takes advantage of Ethereum’s well-regarded security.

For end-users, a relevant detail of Eclipse’s settlement is the absence of any platform-specific token to pay for gas. Eclipse utilizes Ether (ETH) as its gas fee currency, and there are plans to introduce a gas fee abstraction mechanism that will let users pay transaction fees in other cryptocurrencies as well, e.g., in the 

Eclipse's execution layer is handled by its SVM. The platform uses a validating bridge to maintain a connection to Ethereum Layer 1, where the final transaction settlement occurs. We noted above that one key reason for Eclipse’s stellar throughput capacity is its SVM, which is capable of parallelized processing. 

Another essential aspect of its execution engine, also supported to a large extent by the parallelized processing, is the ability to smooth out transaction fees on the network via local fee markets, a blockchain mechanism that regulates platform-wide gas fees. Execution engines such as EVM are based on a global fee market system. On EVM-based chains, high demand from one app (e.g., 

) can drastically raise transaction fees for everyone. Eclipse’s SVM solves this problem by using local fee markets — instead of increasing fees across the entire network, only transactions related to the high-demand app are affected.

The DA layer is a critical part of any Layer 2 platform. It ensures that the data needed to verify transactions and execute smart contracts is publicly accessible and available for Layer 1 validators to check. Consistent with its principle of modular blockchain architecture, Eclipse outsources its DA layer to Celestia, a blockchain platform that leases its high-performance DA layer to Layer 2 networks.

In general, the Eclipse chain operates as an optimistic rollup. However, at the same time, the platform uses ZK proofs via the 

 verification provider in cases where validators on Ethereum Layer 1 challenge the standard optimistic fraud proofs. The presentation of ZK validity proofs upon these challenges significantly speeds up the verification process. This combination of optimistic fraud proofs (known for being less computationally intensive than ZK proofs) and ZK proofs during validity disputes ensures that Eclipse can efficiently validate transactions.

 to facilitate the transfer of funds between the Eclipse, Ethereum and Solana blockchains. The platform's native bridge, the 

, is primarily designed for the transfer of assets between Ethereum and Eclipse. Meanwhile, the 

 is the main bridging solution for moving crypto funds between Eclipse, Ethereum and Solana.

Additionally, several other bridges service the Eclipse ecosystem. Some of them focus on transfers between Eclipse and Ethereum, but some can also access other blockchain environments. For instance, the Retro Bridge allows you to move assets between Eclipse and a variety of blockchain platforms, including 

There's also the Hyperlane-powered Stride Bridge, which lets Eclipse users access blockchain ecosystems beyond the major ones. Using the Stride Bridge, Eclipse users can move funds from Celestia and 

 (STRD). The bridge also lists support for network transfers from the Forma blockchain and Ethereum. However, as of the time of this writing on Mar 17, 2025, transfers from these two chains to Eclipse aren’t yet supported.

 is a unified restaking token (URT) launched by Eclipse in partnership with the Nucleus yield generation services provider. It allows users to earn rewards from multiple Ethereum yield-generating protocols. By minting tETH through deposits of eligible 

 tokens (LRTs), users can benefit from diversified risk and reward exposure, with periodic yield increases and the option for redemption at full value on Ethereum or Eclipse.

 (WETH), ether.fi’s weETH, Renzo Protocol’s ezETH, Swell Network’s rswETH, Dinero’s apxETH and Puffer Finance’s pufETH.

 is an Eclipse community-driven game in which users grow "grass" by tapping or bridging assets to Eclipse. By completing app-based boosts, users can increase their grass growth rate. The goal is to feed Turbo, an ever-hungry cow, by maximizing grass growth through bridging various assets like ETH, SOL, TIA and popular 

 USDT and USDC. Solana-based tokens, such as ezSOL, JitoSOL and kySOL, can also be used to grow grass within the game.

, you need to complete a series of tasks — follow Eclipse on X, visit Eclipse’s website, explore its app ecosystem and swap $10 worth of crypto via Umbra, a privacy-focused Ethereum payment protocol. This campaign is valid until Mar 28, 2025, 7AM UTC.

The Eclipse team has come up with something unique within the wider EVM ecosystem: the ability to use Solana's high-performance execution engine adapted for Ethereum, the SVM. It offers numerous advantages over the EVM, including executing transactions in parallel and leveraging local fee markets. At the same time, while the SVM forms the backbone of transaction processing on the chain, Eclipse aims to remain within its general rollup-centric road map, operating primarily as an Ethereum rollup network. 

Besides integrating the SVM into its largely Ethereum-focused platform, Eclipse leverages modular architecture principles, outsourcing its DA layer to Celestia, one of the leading providers of DA services in the 

 industry. All of these architectural choices have resulted in a Layer 2 chain that clearly stands out for its performance in the competitive world of Ethereum rollup solutions.

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Eclipse: The perfect fusion of Ethereum and Solana

Elixir (ELX) is a blockchain platform bridging institutional RWAs to DeFi, offering yield opportunities and liquidity support for decentralized exchanges.

 (RWAs) are one of the hottest topics in 

 setting still comes with its own share of issues. First, asset owners such as investment funds don't have a wide choice of alternatives for securely tokenizing their assets in a compliant way. Secondly, there's a lack of sufficient avenues for the active use of RWAs within DeFi protocols after the assets have been tokenized and brought on-chain.

As a result, many institutional asset owners are still hesitant to use their funds within a blockchain environment. Those brave enough to adopt RWAs by tokenizing their assets on-chain face the reality of limited choices for deriving healthy returns from their investment. 

Due to these factors, RWAs — despite having great promise as a bridge between traditional and web3 finance — are still underutilized within DeFi.

Elixir is a modular blockchain and DeFi-focused platform that aims to make it easy for institutional investors to utilize their RWAs in yield-bearing products on-chain. The platform also acts as a 

, decentralized USD (deUSD), plays a key role in enabling active RWA use for yield and liquidity provision to partner DEXs.

 (ELX) is a blockchain network that facilitates institutional investors' use of RWAs in the DeFi ecosystem and provides liquidity support to DEXs. 

The project features a synthetic stablecoin, deUSD, that’s backed by collateral made up of two crypto assets — USDS and 

 (SKY), formerly known as MakerDAO (MKR), while stETH is a tokenized version of staked Ether (ETH) provided by the 

Elixir enables institutional holders of tokenized RWAs, such as those issued by Securitize and other RWA service providers, to mint deUSD and use it in DeFi while still earning yields from their underlying assets.

Elixir also helps other DEXs by enabling its users to supply liquidity to order book–based exchanges easily. This reduces DEXs' reliance on centralized market makers and allows them to access additional liquidity. Users who provide liquidity earn subsidized APYs, which are either incentivized by Elixir or the DEXs themselves. As of early 2025, Elixir has already been integrated by more than 30 DEX platforms.

The Elixir project was founded in 2022 by Philip Forte and Christopher Gilbert. Its chain launched the first phase of its mainnet operations in October 2024 and held a token generation event (TGE) for its native cryptocurrency, ELX, on Mar 7, 2025.

 (DPoS) consensus model. The project’s documentation states that its network features a highly modular design and high throughput capacity.

To synchronize its work with other DEXs, the network uses exchange feeds, which pull live trading data from these DEXs and send it to Elixir's data aggregators. An aggregator node is then responsible for creating an encrypted database from these feeds and passing it to the chain’s validator and auditor nodes. Then, relay nodes execute trades on DEXs using their API keys, collect order proposals from validators and send them for auditing before final execution.

Elixir's validators secure the network using a DPoS consensus model, whereby users can delegate their funds to a preferred full validator node. The network requires a 66% consensus among its active validator nodes in order to approve transaction blocks.

A validator node needs to have at least 9,000 ELX 

 or delegated to it to earn block rewards. As such, it's important for users to choose a reasonably popular validator in order to ensure they can earn rewards from their delegated funds. For instance, as of the time of this writing (Mar 17, 2025), fewer than 30 Elixir validators have enough funds staked with them to generate rewards.

We noted above that relay nodes send order data for executing transactions on other DEXs for further auditing before the actual execution occurs. Auditors are the 

 responsible for verifying this data before the orders can be placed. In addition to the order data sent by relay nodes, auditors also use the encrypted exchange feed data sent by aggregators.

Auditors use these two critical data sources — the encrypted exchange feed data from aggregators and the order data from relay nodes — to verify and approve the orders for final execution on the participating DEXs.

 that ensures the smooth operation of several key network activities: staking, reward distributions to validators and financial penalties to misbehaving validators, known as slashing.

In the case of disputes or inconsistencies in the network data, the controller and auditors resolve these together, acting as a dispute resolution layer.

deUSD is a synthetic stablecoin introduced by Elixir. Subject to approval via a governance vote, the token will be used for staking, allowing users to earn rewards from protocol fees. The staked version of deUSD, sdeUSD, is an asset that’s used to accrue yields from rewards generated both on Elixir and via its partner DeFi platforms.

Importantly, deUSD is also used to provide liquidity in the form of collateral to participating DEXs. The deUSD stablecoin enables users in the institutional domain, specifically RWA holders, to obtain a sufficiently liquid asset to participate in the wider DeFi ecosystem. According to the project’s documentation, more than ten leading institutional finance organizations have already adopted deUSD for their assets.

deUSD differs from many other stablecoins in that it isn’t collateralized by US dollar reserves. The token’s collateral is made up of Lido’s stETH and Sky Protocol’s USDS. To ensure its stability, deUSD is subject to an 

 adjusting overcollateralization mechanism, the 

When funding rates become negative, the OCF shifts more of deUSD’s collateral into USDS. If the OCF’s value drops too much, it automatically converts its assets into USDS to ensure deUSD’s backing remains intact. Meanwhile, when funding rates become positive, funding rate exposure — that is, the potential gains and costs from holding leveraged positions in 

 contracts — is used to generate additional returns.

During the project’s earlier period of operations, 

 (CEXs) are expected to provide the bulk of liquidity for deUSD and facilitate the token’s minting and redemption. Eventually, the protocol plans to shift more of the backing and liquidity management to decentralized platforms. The minting/redeeming process will be supported by authorized market makers, who will use stETH collateral and engage in basis trading to manage risk.

The Elixir protocol's native token, ELX, is primarily used for governance, staking and stake delegation. Certain rewards, such as 

, can also be distributed in ELX. The token’s total and maximum supply is 1 billion.

The ELX token is available on Bybit’s Spot market as a 

. You can also take advantage of Bybit’s campaign dedicated to the token to grab a share of the 

Under the terms of the campaign, new users can earn ELX rewards by accumulating a deposit volume of at least 200 ELX, or by depositing at least 100 USDT and trading 100 USDT worth of ELX via their first trade. Existing users can also qualify for rewards by trading at least 500 USDT worth of ELX on the Spot market. The campaign is valid till Mar 24, 2025, 9AM UTC.

Bybit also offers two additional ELX airdrop campaigns to its users. One of these is the 

 event. In order to receive your share of the airdrop, just follow these three steps: 

The airdrop is valid till Mar 31, 2025, 10AM UTC.

. Win a share of the 40,000 ELX prize pool by registering for the event, completing specified tasks to earn Lucky Draw tickets and spinning the wheel by using your tickets. You can register for the event until Mar 20, 2025, 12AM UTC, and the Lucky Spin period ends exactly 24 hours after this date.

Additionally, Elixir runs its own reward campaign, 

, that lets you earn Potions, points that help you build power across the platform’s network of participating DEXs. However, note that participation in the Apothecary campaign doesn't guarantee an airdrop of ELX tokens.

Elixir is a relatively new entrant in the DeFi space. The project launched the first phase of its mainnet in October 2024, with the main launch in March 2025. Elixir’s platform aims to address the issue of inflexibility of RWA use 

. The project aims to focus its efforts on larger institutional players, including leading investment funds.

At the same time, while Elixir pursues the ambitious goal of attracting the big players of the financial world via its RWA stream, its second key specialization — liquidity support to DEXs — should provide enough quick wins within the shorter term. With more than 30 DEXs already in Elixir’s ecosystem, it looks like this specialization is already paying dividends. The question now is: Will the push for the top brass of the institutional finance world enjoy similar success? 

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Elixir (ELX): The institutional bridge to DeFi liquidity

Options

Put options are excellent tools for hedging and speculation. They have high potential for profit and can help you tide through severe price fluctuations.

Financial markets have been abuzz with activity since the 17th century. While they’re a great place to make profit, the risk of losing money is also very real. Multiple asset classes are available for trading: Among them, options are considered a relatively low-risk investment. Traditionally, stock options are traded, but it’s hard to ignore 

, given the boom of cryptocurrency in the past few years.

While options can be tied to any asset (e.g., stocks or bonds), crypto options are specifically tied to the performance of crypto assets. As a result, a trader doesn't need to own an asset before buying or selling the option for it. With crypto options, investors of any portfolio size can participate in the crypto market and reap its benefits.

 that confer upon the trader the right (not the obligation) to

 an underlying asset at a specified price or 

 after the premium is paid. An options contract usually lasts for a specific time period, within which the option must be exercised. This contract lapses on a particular date, known as the 

Crypto options trading is a way for options holders to be part of the crypto market without necessarily owning the crypto itself. Not only are crypto options cheaper than their underlying assets, they’re also perceived to be less risky. The low level of risk involved and high leverage potential are arguably the biggest draws for retail traders.

Apart from giving traders a way to predict or speculate on the financial value or price movements of assets in the market, options are also used by institutional investors for 

, crypto options have become a popular alternative for investors looking to get a slice of the crypto pie.

Crypto put options are contracts that confer upon the option buyer the right (but not the obligation) to 

a specific amount of an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a particular time frame. The predetermined price is known as the 

“Expiration time” refers to the time frame within which the options contract is still valuable. Once the expiration time has passed, the put option loses all its value.

Various underlying assets like stocks, bonds, indexes and futures can be traded using put options, by which the seller determines how the contract is run. The options buyer is required to pay the seller a specific fee on each share in order to purchase the contract. This fee is known as the 

, and it represents one of the same underlying assets. For example, one crypto option contract on BTC would be the same as controlling 1 BTC token. You do not have to own the underlying cryptocurrency to buy or sell put options. 

A crypto put option — the opposite of a crypto call option — confers upon the user the right to sell an underlying stock at the strike price before the expiration date is reached. Several factors affect the price of a put option, including (but not limited to) the volatility of the crypto market, interest rates, time decay, and the value of the strike or specific price.

Generally, the value of a put option increases with a drop in the price of the underlying asset.

A portion of a crypto put option’s value is tied to a fall in the price of the underlying stock. This means that the value of a put option increases with a decrease in the price of the underlying asset. A put option begins to lose value with a rise in the price of the asset to which it is tied. Following this, put options are used for hedging, or predicting a downward slope in the price of specific assets.

 is one used by put options traders as a risk management strategy. The main function of a protective put is to make sure that the drop in the price of a particular asset doesn’t fall below a set level. You can decide to sell or buy a put option, and the transaction is carried out on a 

When buying a put option, the buyer predicts that the value of the asset will drop over a specified time frame before the expiration date. When selling a put option, the seller speculates that the value of the asset will rise or remain unchanged during the valid period of the contract, or before the option expires.

If the market price moves in favor of the options holder, they can decide to exercise their put by selling the underlying asset at the strike (or set) price. Fundamentally, options can be divided into two types:

American-style options allow the holder to exercise their option on or before the expiration date, while European style options only allow the holder to exercise their options on the date of expiration. If the market price remains the same or increases, the options sellers get the premium paid by the buyer.

A put option is said to be OTM (out of the money) if it has no intrinsic value at expiration. 

, it is said to be ITM (in the money) if it still has intrinsic value at expiration.

Crypto Put Options vs. Crypto Call Options

Other than put options, the other main type of option is the call option, which increases in value as the price of the asset rises. Call options are the opposite of put options, but both types give holders the chance to earn a profit much higher than their investments.

A put option benefits from a decline in market price, while a call option benefits from a rise in the market value of the asset.

Selling both a call option and put option attracts a premium. In the event that the crypto market takes an unfavorable turn, the seller bears all the risks involved.

Let’s say that Sandra, an investor, decides to buy a Bitcoin put option as a form of insurance over her position in Bitcoin. After a while, she speculates that a 

 is near, and she isn’t ready to forfeit more than 10% of her long position in Bitcoin. 

Let’s assume Bitcoin is currently trading at $30,000 per coin, and Sandra purchases a put option that will give her the right to sell it at $27,000 within the next 2 years.

If, within 6 months, a 20% (500 points) loss is recorded, Sandra will have recovered 250 points simply by being able to sell at $27,000, rather than the current market price of $24,000, which is a loss of only 10%. Even if the market crashes to $0, Sandra will still only record a loss of 10%.

Conversely, if the market doesn’t drop within this time frame, Sandra can decide to let the put expire. If she does so, she will only lose the premium fee.

Buying and Selling Puts: Strategies and Examples

This is a popular strategy used by traders. Here, the trader buys a “going long” put option in the hope that the 

market price will fall below the strike price at expiration

. The benefit of this strategy is that in the event of a drastic price reduction, the trader can get back many times their initial investment.

Stock Q trades for $30 per share, with a strike price of $30 with 4 months to expiration. The premium is $1 per share.

If, at expiration, the share price is $29, the put breaks even. If it is between $29 and $30, a net loss is recorded, as only a part of the option’s premium is recovered. 

If the stock falls to less than $29, the trader gains $100 for every share they own. The lower the price, the higher the gain recorded by the trader. If the stock rises above $30, the put is rendered valueless, and the trader loses the option premium of $100.

This is simply the opposite of the long put. Here, the trader sells a “going short” put in the hope that the asset price will 

rise above the strike price at the point of expiration

. The seller of the put earns a premium in exchange for selling the put. This premium is the highest reward that can be obtained for trading a short put. If the asset price falls below the strike price, the trader is obligated to buy it back at the strike price.

If stock A is trading at $40 per share, with a strike price of also $40 with 5 months to the expiration date. The premium is $1 per share.

If, at expiration, the share price is below $39, the put costs the trader $100 for every dollar loss. The lower the stock price, the greater the loss incurred by the trader. If the stock price rises above $40, the seller earns the full premium. If the market price falls between $39 and $40, the seller earns only a part of the premium.

This is simply an upgrade of the long put. In this case, the trader buys both the underlying asset and a put option. This is a hedging technique. The trader expects the asset price to soar, but still wants a form of insurance in case the stock price declines. If the stock price actually declines, the long put covers the loss incurred.

Stock P trades for $30 per share, with a strike price of $30 with six months to expiration and a total premium of $100. So, the trader buys 100 shares of P for a total of $3,000 and one put option for $100.

If at expiration, the share price is $29 or $30, the put breaks even, resulting in a net loss, as only a part of the premium is recovered. If the share price drops below $30, the long put covers the loss evenly. If the share price rises above $31, the net gain increases by $100 for every corresponding gain in price, although the put becomes valueless, and the trader loses the premium fee they paid.

This strategy is very popular in options trading. The 

 is typically used when the call trader or call writer speculates on an increase in the future price of an underlying asset.

The key to using this strategy is to sell higher and buy lower. Simply put, you sell a put option with a higher strike price, and then buy another option with a lower strike. However, both options must have the same expiration date. 

Although the risks involved here are minimal, they do still exist. If, at expiration, the asset price moves below the strike price, a loss will be recorded, as the two put options will be ITM.

For instance, an institutional investor guesses that the price of Bitcoin — selling at, say, $20,000 per token — will increase within a month.

The investor can sell one put option for a $3,000 premium fee, with a strike price of $25,000 expiring in one month, and buy another put option for a premium fee of $1,000, with a strike price of $22,000, set to expire in one month.

Following this example, the investor gains a net profit of $2,000. The net profit is calculated as the difference between the two premium fees paid for the two options ($3,000 − $1,000 = $2,000). 

Conversely, if the price of Bitcoin falls between the strike prices of $20,000 and $25,000 per token at the date of expiration, the institutional investor will record a loss. 

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