A market correction is a decline in the price of an asset by more than 10%. Though the dip can be fairly small, it usually indicates that the crypto had rallied far from its established trend. Learn how to trade during the correction.

As we’re nearing the end of the first quarter of 2025, US president Donald Trump’s administration has been in charge of the world’s largest economy for only about two months. But in this short period of time, the 47th POTUS has already been making an outsized impact on financial and crypto markets — as the threat of tariffs with many of America’s trading partners, government sector layoffs and a new paradigm in the relationship between the US and European economies have sent investor sentiment into the territory of fear. Both stock market sentiment indices and the major Bitcoin 

 indices are hovering between the orange and red zones of fear.

As of the time of this writing on Mar 17, 2025, the stock market’s primary gauge — the S&P 500 index — has declined by around 8% since its recent peak on Feb 19, 2025, while 

 (BTC) is down by 23% since its all-time high on Jan 20, 2025, the day of Donald Trump’s inauguration.

As the crypto market declines, investors are becoming more unsettled, wondering if this drop represents another blip on the typically mercurial radar of Bitcoin or a prelude to a steeper downturn. Is this the market correcting itself after recent (possibly overly) optimistic gains, or are we witnessing the start of something scarier? In this atmosphere, it's important to distinguish between a market correction and a more profound decline known as a 

. In this article, we cover what a crypto market correction is, how it differs from a bear market and — more importantly — how you can prepare for it as a cryptocurrency investor.

A correction is a market decline that typically ranges from 10% to 20%. It signifies a relatively small but still noticeable drop in asset prices. The crypto market undergoes more frequent corrections than the stock market, due to its inherently 

. Over the past year alone (to mid-March 2025), Bitcoin’s price has experienced at least six corrections. In comparison, the stock market's primary index — the S&P 500 — hasn't experienced a correction within the past year. However, it's quickly approaching just that, with prevalently negative investor sentiment a 9% decline from recent peaks.

Is a market correction the start of a bear market?

A market correction — especially if it leads to a rapid decrease in asset prices — might seem worrying at first, but it’s part of the market's natural rhythm. In most cases, corrections end with a market rebound, i.e., a bull market, as asset price drops lead to increased interest to 

. However, if a correction is caused by significant underlying issues — such as price bubbles that have built up over long periods, or wider economic declines — it can be a precursor to a 

, which is characterized by a significant drop of over 20% in the market as asset prices decrease.

 interchangeably. However, others distinguish between the two concepts. According to some definitions, a market crash is a significant but short-lived decline of over 20%, while a bear market is a prolonged period of depressed asset prices that may last for months, or even years.

It's important to distinguish between a crypto market correction and a bear market, as the two require different strategies and approaches. Market corrections generally don't require the type of drastic measures from investors that bear markets do. As we’ve noted above, some analysts refer only to prolonged crashes as bear markets, while others use the terms “crash” and “bear market” interchangeably. If we assume the latter definition, then any market crash of over 20% — whether short- or long-term — can be described as a bear market.

Note that the definitions of a correction (10% to 20% decline) and bear market (over 20% decline) originated in traditional finance. These definitions have been used for the crypto market as well, but due to its higher volatility, the crypto market experiences corrections and bear markets considerably more often than the stock market does.

We noted earlier that the last time the stock market experienced a correction — as measured by the S&P 500 — was between July and October 2023, around one and a half years ago. Even then, the decline in the index was contained to 10%, just meeting the definition of a correction. In contrast, the crypto market has experienced numerous corrections (and three crashes) over the past year alone, to Mar 17, 2025. The image below shows these three crashes, which resulted in the decline of the 

 by around 22–23% each time. Additionally, we’ve annotated the ongoing correction that started to develop on Mar 2, 2025 — just days after the market rebounded from its last crash. This correction has so far (in ten days) resulted in a 12% decline in the total market cap.

Evidently, the crypto market is much more accustomed to corrections and bear markets than the stock market is.

How to prepare for a crypto market correction

Crypto corrections often arrive after periods of overly optimistic buying. They may also be caused by negative sentiment when crypto gets hammered — once again — by another influential regulatory authority. Investor sentiment may also turn negative and lead to a correction when traditional markets are trending downward. The last scenario is what we’re witnessing right now — the new Trump administration’s penchant for tariffs and drastic changes to budgetary spending has sent stocks downward, and the cryptocurrency market has duly followed suit.

When a correction is on the horizon, what can you do to best protect yourself? Below, we list several strategies that can limit the impact of a crypto correction on your investments.

Consider reducing your long positions when you sense early signals of a market decline. Some 

 or oscillators turning downward, can help you identify a market peak and an imminent downtrend.

 is a preset instruction to sell an asset once its price drops to a specific level. It’s one of the best trading strategies to limit potential losses during a market slump. Stop-loss orders have two primary benefits. First, they free you from the necessity to monitor prices and continually close your positions manually. Secondly, and importantly, these orders help avoid emotional decision-making during volatile downturns.

Placing stop-loss orders is just the tip of the iceberg when automating your trades. You can also devise considerably more sophisticated automated trading strategies by using 

. Bybit offers a variety of these bots to help you set key parameters for your trading strategy and execute it in a fully automated fashion.

 lets you automate your grid trading — a strategy whereby a set of orders is placed at several points above and below a certain reference price for an asset. The price points above the current asset price are designated as sell orders, while those below the current price are reserved to trigger buy orders. The corresponding sell or buy order is executed when the asset's price reaches a pre-specified point in the grid.

Another useful trading bot for your correction arsenal is the 

DCA is one of the most valuable trading strategies when expecting a correction or finding yourself in the midst of one. It involves splitting your total planned investment amount into equal chunks that are invested at predetermined time intervals, e.g., monthly, fortnightly, weekly or even daily. You make your regular fixed investments regardless of how the market moves.

As with automated trading strategies, DCA helps remove the emotional aspect from your investing. When you anticipate a market downturn, emotional factors can easily creep into your decision-making. DCA is one key way to prevent your emotions from affecting your trades.

DCA also reduces the impact of market volatility, since you’re spreading your purchases over time instead of buying at a single price point.

The Bybit DCA Bot we mentioned above isn’t the only way to automate your DCA strategy — there’s also the 

 product, which lets you set up your regular DCA investments in a few easy steps.

In the event that a correction continues to develop into a crash, the most crucial step is to avoid being influenced by emotions. If you find yourself amid a market crash, remember that all crashes, just like all corrections, are followed by market rebounds. The bottom of the market isn’t going to fall off — profit-seekers, both retail and institutional investors, will sooner or later move in to buy the dip. In fact, this could be an excellent opportunity for you to acquire assets with strong fundamentals, and at bargain prices.

Thus, stay calm, plan for the long term when prices inevitably recover, stick to strategies that eliminate emotional trading — such as automated methods and DCA — and perhaps even consider buying high-potential assets while they remain undervalued during the crash.

The concept of market corrections sounds unnerving. But unlike protracted bear markets, they’re typically short-lived and followed by price increases. The key steps to take in a correction are to avoid emotional decision-making, reduce exposure as much as possible, place some stop-loss orders and employ strategies like DCA and automated grid trading.

Notably, while stock market investors aren't accustomed to frequent corrections and crashes, the crypto market experiences them every year, multiple times. And yet, the multiyear, long-term established trend of the market has remained upward ever since the word “cryptocurrency” entered the financial vernacular. A stock market investor might feel intimidated by a correction — and even feel like fainting at the thought of a crash — but a savvy crypto investor knows that corrections and crashes are business as usual. As such, be prepared, but don’t panic. We’ve been through crypto market crashes more often than Bitcoin has been declared dead.

Beginner

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Crypto market correction: What it means and how to prepare

Ethena Labs and Securitize have launched Converge, a settlement network designed to bridge traditional finance (TradFi) and DeFi.

Daily top performer — PancakeSwap (CAKE)

The S&P 500 gained 0.64% as softer retail sales fueled Fed rate cut speculation. Investors await Wednesday’s Fed decision. Gold hit a record $3,005 as geopolitical tensions and trade concerns fueled safe-haven demand, with strong support from central bank and ETF purchases. Markets await the Fed’s policy decision. The Coindesk Indices, which tracks the broader crypto market, fell by 0.60%, with Bitcoin and Ether up by 1.66% and 2.12% in the past 24 hours. Trade these markets and more with up to 500x leverage on Bybit MT5 using this 

Today’s top performer is CAKE, up 27.9% after PancakeSwap MEV Guard extends wallet support for improved trade security.

PancakeSwap (CAKE), launched in September 2020, is a BNB Chain-based DEX for BEP-20 token swaps, offering lower fees and faster transactions than Ethereum-based rivals. 

 now supports more wallets on BNB Chain, including Trust Wallet and Rabby Wallet, enhancing protection against frontrunning and sandwich attacks. Users can enable MEV protection with a simple one-click setup for most wallets, ensuring safer and more reliable trading.

Check out the latest prices, charts, and data of 

Ethena Labs and Securitize have launched 

, a settlement network designed to bridge traditional finance (TradFi) and DeFi. The platform will integrate Ethena’s USDe, USDtb, and iUSDe stablecoins with Securitize’s tokenized assets, facilitating institutional on-chain participation. Converge will feature both permissioned and permissionless financial applications, supporting lending, trading, and structured products. Five protocols, including Aave Labs and Pendle, have committed to building on the network. Mainnet is set to launch in Q2 2025.

Yesterday, BTC spot ETFs saw $232.3 million in net inflows, driven entirely by non-GBTC funds, while GBTC recorded no flow.

, allowing users to complete tasks and earn points for future rewards. Existing users from the old platform receive a 1,500-point bonus. To join, create an account, fill in profile details, and complete quests requiring X, Discord, and MetaMask connections. Daily check-ins also grant rewards, with more quests coming soon.

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Ethena and Securitize launch Converge to bridge TradFi and DeFi

Bubblemaps is a data visualization tool for blockchains. It uses colorful maps of circles to show important details. Learn more about how it works here.

 prior to their purchases. There's a lot of valuable information available for cryptocurrencies, but accessing and understanding it takes time. Bubblemaps offers a revolutionary solution: a 

 visualization tool that makes it much easier for users to see how blockchains operate behind the scenes. Should you try working with Bubblemaps? To see if it's right for you, here's what you need to know. 

 is a data visualization tool for blockchains. It uses colorful maps of circles to show important details, such as token distribution and disproportionate 

 token ownership — thus making it easier for investors to identify both trading opportunities and scams.

 in 2022. Before he worked on Bubblemaps, Vaiman was the CEO of a cryptocurrency investment company called Cryptonavia. During his work there, Vaiman noticed how difficult it was for investors to get a clear idea of how projects were run. Though there was often plenty of data revealing warning signs behind a project, it was hard to access and process this data. 

Vaiman was inspired to create a website where people could get useful information quickly. His vision has appealed to many investors, and Bubblemaps currently has over $3.2 million in funding from investors like Sierranova Capital, ChainGPT Labs and Arcanum Ventures.

Bubblemaps’ main purpose is to make cryptocurrency data more accessible. Traditional blockchain explorers often provide strings of data that aren't particularly intuitive. Meanwhile, the Bubblemaps site not only acquires data for you, but also uses its mapping system to make issues far more obvious. With “bubbles” that highlight info, such as linked wallets, the system hopes it can allow everyday investors to make more informed choices.

Bubblemaps also aims to become a watchdog for 

 and market manipulation. It regularly uses its tools to identify problematic projects and to draw attention to them. While users can analyze their own investments with Bubblemaps, the project also hopes to help people who don't work with the project’s software. The site's blog and social media feeds try to warn users of potential fraudulent activities involving trending cryptos whenever they can.

Bubblemaps primarily functions as a collection of software and coding. Unlike some other ecosystems, it doesn't have many blockchain functionalities embedded into its system. Instead, it operates similarly to standard Web 2.0 websites. Its creators designed code that scrolls through data about blockchain wallets and addresses, and then uses additional coding and display tools to sort and organize this data into easily readable Bubblemaps.

The Bubblemaps application can be accessed directly from the company's main website. Its system also allows other sites to integrate Bubblemaps as a 

 screener. With just a few lines of code, Bubblemaps analytics are natively integrated into other 

The Bubblemaps system contains a variety of features meant to improve blockchain data accessibility. The following are some of the ways users can enjoy Bubblemaps services.

This is the main feature of the website. Its users can search for tokens and click on a token to see its map. This visual representation of data looks like a series of circles and lines. The circles represent wallets holding significant portions of a token's total supply: the larger the circle, the more tokens the wallet holds. Lines drawn between wallets represent transfers, and highlight interconnected addresses. Clicking on the circles highlights the wallet's owner, and depending upon their privacy settings, you may even be able to see which individual or organization holds the tokens. 

Intel Desk is a community-driven feature for investigation. Users vote on which tokens need to be more closely examined. Winning tokens are carefully examined by Bubblemaps’ scam-detection squad, and users are told if any fraudulent activities have been found among a token's interconnected addresses and wallet holders.

The Time Travel feature lets users look at the past activity of multiple blockchains. You can see how maps shift over time, in order to get an idea of what's happening on blockchains throughout a coin's entire lifespan.

Magic Nodes is an advanced feature that shows interconnected addresses. Instead of just looking at wallet owner labels, Magic Nodes looks at how the crypto is actually moving around. For example, it can identify multiple holders who are all paying their gas fees from one address, so that users can see when an entity is using intermediaries to manipulate the market.

Bubblemaps has already managed to achieve a lot. In addition to designing its visual interpretation of blockchain data, the site has also natively integrated with various partners on other DeFi platforms. 

. In addition to the release of the token, the system also plans to add multiple features linked to the token, including upgrades to cross-chain analytics, AI cluster interpretation and P&L computation. 

For the future, Bubblemaps hopes to expand further into the crypto space. By adding multiple blockchains to its app and integrating with more systems, Bubblemaps aims to become the premier crypto and DEX screener. 

The BMT token helps power Bubblemaps’ Intel Desk feature. Holders of BMT vote for the cryptos they’d like Bubblemaps to investigate. BMT is also used as the reward method for those whose proposals are chosen for Intel Desk.

Residing on both Solana and BNB Chain, BMT has a total token supply of 1 billion tokens. Of these, 27% were available at launch. The rest will be unlocked on a 

Though BMT was only released in March 2025, it's already experienced some wild price swings. The token debuted at around $0.16, but prices quickly dropped to $0.07. Currently, BMT’s price is stable in the $0.08–$0.10 range.Bankless Times 

 will help keep its price up, predicting that BMT might reach $0.30 by 2025. DigitalCoinPrice is slightly more cautious, but agrees that some sort of price rise is likely. Taking into account current market growth,DigitalCoinPrice 

Looking to trade Bubblemaps tokens? Bybit now offers the BMT/USDT Spot trading pair and BMTUSDT Perpetual contract. To get started, you’ll first need to create a Bybit account, then fund it with cryptocurrency and navigate to the 

To celebrate this listing, Bybit is holding 

 where you can earn a share of a 2,000,000 BMT prize pool. 

BMT was hotly anticipated leading up to its release. The Bubblemaps tool is a favorite of crypto investors, and many people are interested in supporting the new project. Furthermore, the coin's link to the Intel Desk feature could help stabilize its price and create demand.

However, keep in mind that there’s been some criticism of BMT. Using the Bubblemaps tool on the system's own coin reveals that an outsized portion of the total supply is held by a single wallet. This has led to some 

, and the token’s price has stayed fairly low since this issue arose. While it's possible there's a good explanation for this distribution pattern, a lack of user trust could still cause problems for the new token. 

Therefore, investors who are interested in working with BMT token holdings need to maintain some caution. Furthermore, the crypto market always exhibits some volatility, so be sure to take that into account. As always, 

 — and avoid putting all of your funds into a single coin.

Using the Bubblemaps tool is a simple and great way to visualize the data from traditional blockchain explorers — making it quick and easy to spot potential problems with token holdings and distributions. Now that Bubblemaps is moving to the next level of its road map, fans also have the opportunity to buy and sell BMT tokens. Thanks to the hype around the platform, even investors who don’t use Bubblemaps may want to explore BMT.

Intermediate

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Bubblemaps (BMT): Bursting crypto's complexity bubble

Liquidity is the ability to buy or sell an asset quickly, without causing significant price fluctuations. Learn more here.

Liquidity is the lifeblood of efficient crypto trading. It determines how quickly and smoothly assets can be bought or sold at stable prices. And yet, many traders tend to overlook liquidity’s role in reducing 

, tightening spreads and improving execution speed — all of which directly impact profitability.

Bybit has made significant strides in improving liquidity across its trading pairs, ensuring that traders benefit from faster execution, better pricing and minimal market impact across both spot and derivatives markets. This article will explore what liquidity is, why it matters, how to measure it — and why Bybit offers one of the most liquid trading environments in the industry.

Liquidity is the ability to buy or sell an asset quickly, without causing significant price fluctuations. In crypto trading, liquidity is determined by trading volume, order book depth and market participation. A highly liquid market ensures tighter spreads, faster order execution and reduced slippage, providing a more stable and efficient trading experience.

. When many buyers and sellers actively place orders, transactions occur swiftly and price movements remain stable. Conversely, a lack of liquidity can lead to price gaps, delays and higher trading costs.

A deep order book is key to strong liquidity, with large quantities of buy and sell orders spread across multiple price levels. This means that when a trader places a large order, it’s absorbed by the existing orders, without drastically moving the market price. In contrast, an illiquid market has fewer participants and a shallower order book, so that a single order for an asset could drastically shift its price. This leads to greater price volatility and higher execution costs.

 play a crucial role in maintaining liquidity by continually placing buy and sell orders. By providing a steady flow of orders, they help stabilize prices and narrow the 

, ensuring smoother trading conditions for all participants.

In crypto trading, liquidity also varies between 

. Spot liquidity is reflected in lower spreads, meaning traders can buy or sell assets at more competitive prices. In contrast, lower slippage is the key measure in derivatives trading.

Liquidity has an impact on every aspect of trading, from execution speed to profitability. The following considerations make liquidity a key factor for traders.

A tighter bid-ask spread ensures traders 

 at fairer prices. This is especially beneficial for 

 who rely on small price movements for profits.

Minimal slippage and better price stability

Liquidity determines the degree to which an order affects price levels. In a highly liquid market, a $100,000 trade might move an asset’s price by only a fraction of a percent, while in an illiquid market, the same trade could cause a sharp price swing.

Liquidity allows traders to execute orders almost instantly at the expected price. In contrast, low-liquidity conditions may mean that, due to market fluctuations, orders will take longer to fill, or may execute at unfavorable prices.

During sudden price movements, a deep order book absorbs large trades, preventing extreme spikes or crashes. This is crucial for maintaining price stability in volatile markets: traders can execute strategies with greater confidence, knowing that price fluctuations will be more controlled.

How to identify and measure liquidity in crypto trading

While many traders assume liquidity is measured simply by trading volume, a deeper analysis is required to assess true liquidity conditions. The following section explains how traders can evaluate liquidity effectively.

A deeper order book means that multiple buy and sell orders exist across different price levels, supporting efficient trade execution with minimal price movement This is a strong indicator of liquidity, since it reflects a market’s ability to handle both small and large orders without sudden price fluctuations. 

 pair on Bybit has consistently shown strong order book depth, with the top three bid and ask levels holding significantly higher quantities as compared to other platforms. This enables smoother execution for all traders, from retail investors to institutions. 

A true test of liquidity is the degree to which the market price moves when executing a large order. In a highly liquid market, trades are absorbed across multiple levels, ensuring minimal slippage and price disruption. 

Traders can simulate a large market order by entering a significant trade volume and observing how much the price shifts before execution. A market order that significantly changes the last traded price suggests lower liquidity and potential inefficiencies in trade execution. 

For example, in order to move an asset’s price from $1,877.64 to $1877.66 on Bybit, you’ll need to buy 57.02856 + 168.67890 + 26.21569. Likewise, in order to move the price from $1,877.63 to $1,877.60, you’ll need to sell 114.28408 + 16.35036 + 17.30490.

Order absorption measures how well a market handles large trades without causing price spikes or slippage. A highly liquid market has deeper buy and sell walls, allowing it to process large transactions smoothly.

Here’s an example: For Bybit’s ETH/USDT pair, large trades require consuming multiple price levels before affecting the last traded price. This ensures stability even during high trading volumes. A trader purchasing 30 ETH only absorbs Level 1 and Level 2 sell orders, whereas on lower-liquidity platforms, multiple levels would be affected, increasing price volatility.

This high order absorption capacity is vital for traders executing large transactions, ensuring consistent execution quality across all market conditions.

The bid-ask spread represents the difference between the highest bid price (what buyers are willing to pay) and the lowest ask price (what sellers are willing to accept). A narrower spread indicates stronger liquidity, because it means there are many active buyers and sellers competing for the best prices. Conversely, a wider spread suggests a more illiquid market, leading to higher trading costs and greater price fluctuations.

The first consideration is to compare the order book depths between different exchanges. Exchanges with higher quantities at each price level (for both bid and ask) suggest higher liquidity.

Step 1: Identify the initial market price

Step 2: Simulate a market order (without executing it)

Step 3: Calculate the final execution price

Step 5: Compare the market impact between exchanges

Bybit’s approach to liquidity: Building the best trading experience

Bybit has implemented advanced liquidity solutions to ensure traders experience tight spreads, fast execution and minimal slippage.

One of Bybit’s most significant advancements is its Retail Price Improvement (

) Order, a first-of-its-kind feature designed to enhance liquidity specifically for retail traders. Unlike traditional market-making models, which oftentimes prioritize institutional orders, RPI orders provide retail traders with access to deeper liquidity pools, ensuring better prices and deeper order book support.

Bybit has also strengthened its liquidity infrastructure through strategic partnerships with institutional liquidity providers. These collaborations increase market depth, reduce slippage and improve overall trading efficiency across both spot and derivatives markets.

The impact of Bybit’s liquidity innovations

Following the introduction of RPI orders and enhanced market-making strategies, Bybit has seen substantial improvements in liquidity across key trading pairs. The results are clear:

Bybit’s liquidity enhancements have created a more efficient and stable trading environment, benefiting both retail and institutional traders.

For retail traders, Bybit’s liquidity improvements mean faster order execution, lower trading costs and better pricing. By ensuring better liquidity conditions, Bybit makes it possible for traders to execute their strategies with greater confidence and efficiency.

For high-volume and institutional traders, deeper liquidity pools ensure that large orders can be executed without significantly moving the market price. This is crucial for traders managing large portfolios or executing algorithmic trading strategies.

Bybit’s liquidity solutions also enhance overall market efficiency, improving execution quality across all trading pairs.

Liquidity is the backbone of efficient crypto trading, shaping everything from execution speed to price stability. Bybit has consistently demonstrated its commitment to providing a highly liquid market through innovations like RPI orders, deep order book depth and strategic partnerships with institutional liquidity providers.

Whether you’re a retail trader seeking tighter spreads and faster execution or an institutional trader executing large orders with minimal price impact, Bybit will offer you a best-in-class trading experience. 

If you value fast execution, minimal slippage and a robust liquidity environment, Bybit is the exchange of choice.

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Liquidity in crypto trading: Why it matters and how to spot the best conditions

Bybit Learn

Trading

Maximal extractable value (MEV) is a strategy by which miners, validators and searchers insert, censor and reorder transactions to optimize their profitability.

 are verified through the work of miners or validators. They must be rewarded for their hard work, as well as for their use of required resources, and they will logically give preference to user transactions that offer greater compensation. This means that higher transaction fees and block rewards often result in those transactions being completed faster. To further optimize profits, block producers may strategically manipulate the system. Collectively, these strategies are referred to as maximal extractable value.

Maximal extractable value (MEV) is a strategy that miners, validators and searchers use to optimize their profitability by inserting, censoring and reordering transactions. While MEV reflects profits for them, it has negative consequences for users and networks.

The term “maximal extractable value,” or MEV, first came to light in 2021, but it has actually been used in blockchain transactions for far longer. MEV originally referred to “miner extractable value” because it describes the extra value that is strategically available to miners on a proof of work (

) network through transaction fees and block rewards. More specifically, the added value comes from ordering, including and excluding transactions in a block. Today, however, many networks use a proof of stake (

) system rather than PoW. The tasks completed by miners in a PoW environment are completed by validators in a PoS environment. For this reason, MEV now means maximal extractable value. 

 ecosystems, so it’s most commonly associated with MEV. Ethereum’s 

 resulted in this change in the acronym’s wording.

Block producers have full discretion over reordering, including and excluding transactions through their efforts. The orders with the highest transaction fees are selected by the block producers first so that they can optimize profits. Because they’re fully responsible for how they produce blocks, they can manipulate placement to optimize their return through various MEV strategies. One of the many strategies they can use involves identifying a large transaction that may impact the value of a specific cryptocurrency. 

By placing orders both directly in front of and behind that large transaction, they can profit from the expected price increase. While this and other MEV strategies are profitable for block producers, they have negative consequences for blockchain users. One of these consequences is inflated 

. MEV may also destabilize a blockchain network and have other negative effects.

With proof of work consensus, miners extracted roughly 60% of MEV profits. The remaining MEV revenue went to MEV searchers. Searchers continue to be involved in PoS blockchains. They look for extractable value on the blockchain, often paying high gas fees to extract maximum value from transactions. In fact, searchers may pay gas fees of more than 90% of their income to ensure the profitability of specific transactions. 

Searchers can profit by reviewing transactions and strategically grouping them together in bundles. These bundles may also include other transactions in the 

, and the bundled transactions can then be executed in a specific sequence. Often, they utilize complex algorithms executed by bots.

There are several strategies that searchers may use to extract a profit. They can utilize bots to scour pending transactions, generally focusing on larger transactions. In addition to using these MEV strategies, searchers have used priority gas auctions, or 

, which essentially involve bidding up gas fees through the use of 

Unfortunately, PGAs have brought many negative outcomes. For example, failed attempts took up block space that others could have used. By spamming transactions, node operators’ loads increased. There were also huge gas price fluctuations, and miners not using searchers were at a competitive advantage.

There are numerous ways to optimize MEV extraction. Searchers and bots actively review pending transactions to identify opportunities that are ripe for value extraction. Each of these MEV strategies is utilized in specific scenarios. In addition to the strategies mentioned below, rarer gambits like 

 may be used when specific situations are presented. Let’s look at the more common MEV strategies that are used.

Of all the MEV strategies, DEX arbitrage is the most common, whereby bots actively monitor prices on many exchanges. When they detect a differential in pricing across exchanges, they conduct trades to capitalize accordingly. By simply conducting transaction reordering or order insertion, additional profits may be generated through the price differential. 

However, the impact of arbitrage on other traders is negative. This is because the bots quickly bid up gas fees to ensure profitability, making trades less profitable for other traders. 

 may also affect users' trading activities.

, a bot is used to look for token pair listings that present opportunities for profits. When a pair is identified, the bot moves a pending transaction directly between the pair listing. This enables it to have priority over others when purchasing tokens. Other traders will only have access to the tokens that the bot didn’t buy. After the purchase, the bot holds the tokens until they’ve appreciated in value to a certain level, and then the tokens are sold to generate a profit.

Bots may also use an MEV strategy known as 

. If a large trade is detected by a bot, the bot copies the trade and adds a higher gas fee to it. By doing so, it gives that large trade a higher placement than others in the queue. As a result, the price of the digital asset being purchased increases. This creates additional profit when the digital asset is later sold.

 is used by searchers as well as block producers. Users are now able to borrow against their digital assets, and this leverage may provide them with opportunities for additional gains. In the event that the value of a collateralized asset falls below a predetermined price, the collateral is liquidated to mitigate losses for the lenders. Rewards may be paid for the transactions that cause the value to fall and the liquidation to be executed. Bots are used to identify high-risk leveraged positions, and they strategically liquidate other users’ collateral and pay off the lenders. By doing so, the searchers may receive the protocol reward. In some cases, they may be able to purchase the assets that they liquidate at a discount. This enables them to then quickly sell the assets for a profit.

, also referred to as a sandwich attack or sandwiching, is an MEV strategy in which two bots are used to essentially surround a targeted transaction. A large transaction has the potential to move a token’s price. Therefore, the bots are used — one to place an order before the large transaction, and another order after the transaction. By doing so, the searcher can exploit the transaction to generate a profit.

MEV strategies can also be used with NFTs. Searchers can scour the NFT market for lucrative opportunities and utilize bots to execute those transactions. For example, they may identify an NFT that’s priced below market value. By knowing the true value of the NFT, they can often outbid others. In some instances, searchers have purchased entire NFT collections at the base price to take advantage of reselling opportunities.

Maximal extraction value is a reasonable product of block validation because producers understandably want to optimize their gains. While the attention is often on how MEV negatively impacts other users and the network, there are a few key advantages to consider as well. 

Block producers serve an essential purpose on Ethereum and other blockchains. The blockchains simply cannot function without their efforts to verify transactions. However, their services aren’t available for free. Gas fees and other incentives are used to reward them for their efforts. In many cases, this is how block producers earn their living. 

The fees are also essential for purchasing the powerful machines required to mine a block. More than that, these fees and incentives can actually be used to promote faster transaction processing, providing users with a way to manipulate the placement of their transactions for faster processing.

Ethereum’s PoS consensus allows any user who stakes 32 ETH to create a node and become a validator. Previously, with PoW, this wasn’t possible. But users with enough ETH can now take advantage of MEV profits. While this possibility is available to far more users than it once was, it’s important to note that MEV still requires exceptional skill. Some users who have enough tokens to stake may not have the technological expertise required.

As a result of MEV, block producers and searchers can improve the system by correcting inefficiencies. For example, price corrections can be made quickly through their focus on 

. In addition, their efforts identify riskier loans, and help lenders recoup their assets on these loans sooner. MEV is often viewed as having negative consequences for users, but it benefits other users in various ways.

While MEV has its advantages, it also creates several problematic issues. In fact, as early as 2014, significant flaws of MEV were known. These disadvantages impact other blockchain users, as well as the blockchain itself. 

Because block producers have full control over the ordering and inclusion of transactions, they can draw power from users without their knowledge. This may impact users’ confidence in placing transactions on the blockchain. MEV also adds extra transactions to the network, which results in network congestion. As a result, slippage may be more of a problem. Destabilization may also be a concern if reordering the previous block’s transactions is more profitable than working on the next block.

Some MEV opportunities, including sandwiching and front-running, result in escalating transaction prices and slower processing of other users’ transactions. As a result, some users may overpay for their transactions, resulting in decreased profitability. In addition, by adjusting the ordering of transactions, slippage can also impact the profitability of some transactions.

It’s important to note that some of the impacts of MEV can be avoided. For example, 

 users can place off-chain trade orders with specified order preferences. By placing all orders in a single batch, all transactions have the same price. This eliminates the financial gain that’s otherwise available from reordering transactions.

When Ethereum operated using a PoW consensus, miners had full control of the selection of transactions and their aggregation into blocks. They alone decided in which order to process pending transactions. Because the system was designed to optimize miners’ profits, selection and transaction ordering naturally gave preference to transactions with higher fees. That’s why MEV meant “miner extractable value.”

On Sep 15, 2022, Ethereum completed its migration from PoW to PoS in what is referred to as the Merge. Post-Merge, validators now do the work that miners did with PoW. They are responsible for authenticating transactions, and they receive rewards for doing so. Hence, MEV now means “maximal extractable value” and applies to all block producers, rather than only to miners. 

MEV serves an essential role in the functionality of blockchains via the process of validating transactions. However, it’s well-known that significant disadvantages must be addressed. As mentioned, some of the negative effects of MEV can be bypassed when DApp users place off-chain trade orders. Some blockchains have addressed MEV’s problems. For example, Chainlink uses 

, or Fair Sequencing Services. FSS promotes predictability and equitability in time ranking. It also leverages 

MEV continues to impact blockchains and their users. Thus far, there are limited strategies available for users to mitigate the full effects of MEV. At the same time, only select blockchains have implemented protocols to ensure that manipulation by block producers and searchers doesn’t negatively affect other users. With this in mind, MEV will continue to be a hot topic in the industry, and more comprehensive strategies must be identified and implemented to block providers from profiting without negative consequences.

Blockchain providers strategically and financially benefit from maximal extraction value strategies, but their actions have negative ramifications for networks and their users. Improvements are necessary to ensure that networks can continue to function efficiently and fairly for all involved.

What Is Maximal Extractable Value (MEV) & How Does It Work?

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